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The Japanese summarized a number of desirable principles for 

 international collaboration. These included the following points: nc 

 erosion of the national programs, mutual benefit, participation on an 

 equal footing, assurance of continuity in the collaboration, 

 acceleration of the national program of the partners, overlap of 

 program interest, achievement together of what is not achievable 

 separately, full participation in planning from the beginning, and 

 full access by all sectors to the technology developed. 



QUESTIONS ABOUT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 



There are a number of questions about international cooperation that 

 may illuminate useful policy boundaries and criteria for cooperation. 

 The answers to these questions by various groups within the U.S. and 

 by the Europeans and Japanese may very well be somewhat different as 

 suggested in the following discussion. 



Will International Cooperation Accelerate Technical 

 Progress and Return on the Technical Investment? 



It almost certainly will in the long run. As noted in the discussion 

 of incentives, there may be synergistic effects from international 

 cooperation that multiply the return on investment in assorted ways. 

 These effects are almost certain to work in the future with 

 international cooperation as they have in the past and to be in 

 addition to the more direct and obvious features of allowing a project 

 to go forward in a cooperative effort where it would either not be 

 possible or would be delayed in a single national program. There are 

 matters of timing involved, however. Note, for instance, the concern 

 voiced in both Japan and the EC that discussions about joint ventures 

 in TFCX and in the next Japanese and EC machines, FER and NET, might 

 delay those machines. 



Will International Cooperation Allow Us to Cover 

 Technical Ground That We Could Not Otherwise Cover? 



Yes, it will, especially in large-scale collaborations, such as JET, 

 by providing access to a technically broader program than we could 

 maintain by ourselves at a constant budget level. The same is true, 

 of course, for other partners in the collaboration. 



Will International Cooperation Gain Us a Competitive 

 Edge in Future World Markets? 



If international cooperation is continued to the commercialization 

 phase, it probably would not put us ahead of the other major partners 



