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will International Cooperation Smooth the Way Towards 

 Acceptance by Utilities and the Public? 



Yes, it will, for reasons given in the general incentives about 

 acceptance. Again this effect works for the other partners in a 

 collaborative effort equally well. There is, of course, no 

 fundamental rule of nature that if everyone is marching in a certain 

 direction, it is the right direction. Nevertheless, there is a strong 

 momentum created by such a movement. 



What Portion of the "Critical Path" to Fusion Energy 

 Is the United States Willing to Allocate to Cooperative Ventures? 



Initially, only tasks at the margins of the national program will be 

 offered up for cooperation because of the desire to maintain its 

 strength. The same will be true for all the other partners. All will 

 want full access and participation in all critical elements of 

 cooperative projects that are established. That condition does not 

 mean that there cannot be lead partners for particular parts of a 

 machine in a joint enterprise. But it does mean that no single 

 partner will be allowed to go off in his own laboratories and develop 

 some critical piece of the technology without the full access and 

 participation of staff from the other partners. As time progresses, 

 the margins of cooperation can probably be widened as ways of 

 equitably sharing results are developed. 



What Degree of Project Management Is the United States 

 Willing to Yield? 



After some internal debates, the United States will probably settle 

 for dividing the management authority in a joint project approximately 

 in proportion to investment. The EC and Japan,. after similar 

 processes, would probably arrive at the same results. This division 

 would have to apply at levels corresponding to steering committees and 

 on up to boards of directors. Any project that is actually going to 

 be built ought to be headed by a single individual, and that means a 

 single individual of one nationality or another. 



RECAPITULATION 



To recapitulate, this chapter has identified a number of factors at 

 the level of policy that provide either incentives or constraints for 

 expanded international cooperation in magnetic fusion. The incentives 

 include promise of enhancement of needed technical progress, potential 

 expansion of long-term economic benefits for each participant, 

 possibility of saving cumulative development costs over the long term, 

 achievement of worthwhile political objectives, and broadening of 

 fusion constituencies. Constraints are imposed by policies to 

 preserve the strengths of the various national programs and to seek 

 national prestige through technical leadership in fusion. No major 

 short-term cost savings appear possible because firm plans in the EC 

 and Japan will preclude any large-scale cooperative ventures over the 

 next few years. Even so, taking into account the views of the groups 

 who would be affected by expanded cooperation, the weight of the 

 incentives prevails over the constraints. Thus, on balance, there are 

 substantial potential benefits of large-scale international 

 collaboration in the development of fusion. 



