647 



obstacles were overcome and a treaty-level agreement was concluded. 

 Leive (1981) has identified a number of factors contributing to the 

 institutional soundness of INTELSAT: 



o Phasing of successive agreements to proceed from the less well 

 defined to the more well defined in order to defer hard policy 

 choices until issues had matured and clarified. 



o Combining both political and technical interests in the 

 governance of the organization. 



o Initial management by a strong national entity as agent for the 

 organization followed by a deliberate shift to more truly 

 international management as the organization matured. 



o Allocating financial interests and voting control to member 

 countries in proportion to their use of the INTELSAT system. 



o Assuring that the benefits of new technology developed by the 

 organization are available to its member countries for uses 

 outside INTELSAT. 



Jet Aircraft Engines 



An example of international cooperation relatively far downstream in 

 the life cycle of a technology was provided by the experience of a 

 commercial firm in jet engines. In the experience of this firm, 

 cooperation on a valuable commercial product was increased 

 successively to greater and greater levels. Cooperation proceeded 

 from the level of mere licensing to the levels of coproduction, shared 

 production, and, finally, a joint venture, in which development 

 engineering, manufacture, and marketing were shared. Such an 

 experience may indicate that similar arrangments can be devised to 

 capture the commercial benefits of fusion to the satisfaction of 

 several cooperating entities. 



RECAPITULATION 



This chapter has examined some of the practical factors affecting the 

 agreement and implementation of increased international cooperation, 

 assuming that a policy favoring cooperation in principle has been 

 adopted and that ample technical substance for such work exists. An 

 opportune window in time for large-scale international collaboration 

 is now open; if the timing were not favorable, even well justified 

 technical initiatives would face resistance. The goals of the three 

 prospective partners in collaboration either overlap enough or retain 

 enough flexibility to initiate serious discussions of prospective 

 joint activities. However, the first priority for the United States 

 should be the establishment of a clear set of policies and objectives 

 and a considered program plan for future fusion activities. Effective 

 negotiations for increased cooperation need to rest on such a firm 



