670 



facing a choice later of either reneging or sacrificing other elements 

 of the fusion program. 



Another limitation on the implementation of cooperative projects is 

 to be found in conditions on the flow of money between the United 

 States and foreign collaborators. For example, will the United States 

 be willing to contribute money to construct a major facility sited in 

 another country? 



Finally, emphasis by the United States on equity and quid pro quo 

 in current negotiations may be inimical to creating a spirit of mutual 

 trust and cooperation. 



TO sum up, the success of any international cooperation depends 

 upon the extent to which technical considerations and political 

 requirements can be merged. Although previous experience can provide 

 guidance, the appropriate implementation structure must be 

 specifically designed for the project at hand. 



SECOND WORKSHOP 

 The agenda for the second workshop is given in Figure 2. 



Technical and Programmatic Considerations 



Fusion is viewed in most quarters as a potential energy resource and 

 therefore as a technology that is important to develop. However, 

 there is not a general recognition of a clearly defined goal of the 

 development program. For example, one participant suggested that the 

 world may pass over the fission breeder and go directly from the light 

 water reactor to fusion; but the fusion program does not take such 

 eventualities into account. Without clearly defined program goals, it 

 becomes hard to use international cooperation as an effective means of 

 reaching them. 



Nevertheless, a recent report of the Magnetic Fusion Advisory 

 Committee included the following brief introduction and summary of 

 findings and recommendations with regard to the qualitative benefits 

 of international cooperation in fusion: 



Fusion research and development have been characterized for several 

 decades by active international cooperation and exchange of ideas. 

 The U.S. fusion program has benefited significantly from work in 

 other nations: the most striking example of this is the rapid U.S. 

 development of the tokamak concept, originally investigated in the 

 Soviet Union. Other nations' fusion programs have also benefited 

 from U.S. research activities and concepts: for example, the 

 stellarator approach, originally developed in the United States, is 

 now actively pursued in Europe, Japan, and the Soviet Union. 

 ...The INTOR studies provide an encouraging example of a major 

 multinational advanced design activity.... 



