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the probability of success by adapting some of their best features and 

 avoiding some of their pitfalls. 



International Cooperation in Nuclear Fission 



There are three levels where international cooperation in nuclear 

 fission has been undertaken: 



Information Exchanges Generally, information exchanges were 

 successful if commercial consideration and licensing information were 

 not involved. Overall, the United States has judged that it got less 

 than it gave in dealing wtih other countries; but the exchanges have 

 proceeded anyhow. 



Small- to Medium-Sized Projects Often small or medium projects are 

 part of a larger project that has been "sold" to other nations. These 

 arrangements usually turn out to be beneficial to both parties in that 

 they make more funds available for more work or they cut costs for the 

 individual participants. Even so, the total cost of the project with 

 multinational involvement is generally greater than if only a single 

 nation is involved because of the time required for coordination. The 

 successful programs have involved a clear program definition as well 

 as a clearly defined scope for all the parties involved. 



Large Projects Large projects are generally difficult to implement. 

 They need a "lead" country, the classic example being the 

 Super-Phenix, in which France is the lead partner and all other 

 partners play lesser roles. The reason is that consensus management 

 generally does not work in the technical field. The economic impacts 

 on an individual country can be significant. The challenge of such 

 international cooperation on large projects is to develop a strategy 

 that can make the best of opportunities and overcome the difficulties. 



The U.S. -USSR Apollo-Soyuz Docking Mission 



There is little direct applicability to the fusion program of the 

 international cooperation between the United States and the USSR in 

 the Apollo-Soyuz spacecraft docking mission. The Apollo-Soyuz mission 

 was a symbolic gesture of scientific cooperation to serve political 

 objectives. Each party paid its own way. The overriding 

 consideration was that both parties wanted the mission to succeed and 

 they found a reason, namely, the potential rescue of astronauts, for 

 proceeding. However, the following programatic details involved in 



