678 



dynamic developing situations. One especially important matter is 

 that there are no preestablished "national rights" for members; that 

 is, no country is guaranteed any particular position for its 

 representative, any specified share of procurements, or any priority 

 as to its projects within CERN. 



The programs of CERN, the United States, and the USSR in 

 high-energy physics have generally been complementary, or at least 

 confirmatory in nature. Nevertheless, systematic international 

 planning might have avoided some of the parallelisms, such as the 

 similarity between the Brookhaven and the CERN Alternating Gradient 

 Synchrotrons and the electron-positron storage rings of the Stanford 

 Linear Accelerator Center and the German Electron Synchrotron, DESY. 

 The International Committee on Future Accelerators tends to deal with 

 the "generation-after-next" accelerators because the selection of the 

 next accelerator is too sensitive to deal with in an international 

 committee. In particular, the 20 teraelectronvolt x 20 

 teraelectronvolt proton-proton collider proposed by the United States 

 may have to become an international project if it is to attract firm 

 commitment. 



International Energy Agency 



Another example of international cooperation, the International Energy 

 Agency, was formed in 1974 after the oil crisis of that period. The 

 overriding purpose of lEA was to deal with oil shortages through 

 allocations to the various nations. The cooperative research and 

 development program of lEA in energy was initiated to make some of the 

 other activities palatable for the nations involved. 



At the present time, lEA is spending about $500 million per year on 

 40 projects, down from a peak of 50 projects a couple of years ago. 

 The governing board is made up of representatives at the ministerial 

 level from the member countries. The U.S. representative is the 

 Secretary of Energy. The management board is made up of 

 representatives from the research and development establishments of 

 the various member countries. For the United States this 

 representative is the Director of the International Division of the 

 Department of Energy. The Research and Development Committee of lEA, 

 composed mostly of government research and development leaders from 

 the participating nations, decides what research and development 

 projects will be funded. 



lEA specifically excludes any research and development in nuclear 

 energy because that is covered by the Nuclear Energy Agency. Projects 

 are carried out by various member countries and often involve 

 bilateral or multilateral agreements among them. lEA serves the role 

 of a research and development broker through the implementation of the 

 lEA agreement. lEA is often involved in topical studies and 

 technological assessment. 



