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and development plans in order to establish a clear strategy and 

 objectives for international cooperation. One cannot make decisions 

 until these points are resolved. 



It was proposed that an implementation plan, more specific than the 

 CPMP, is needed to guide the U.S. program. Such a plan would identify 

 the goals and milestones needed to satisfy the national interest. The 

 plan would guide the development of the industrial base for a magnetic 

 fusion power program and would provide the means of evaluating the 

 best opportunities for international cooperation, "ttie plan should 

 have a sound technological basis and should provide a clear statement 

 of U.S. policies in some detail. Questions such as when we should aim 

 to have a viable fusion power capability, what it will replace, and at 

 what cost it is likely to be economical should be covered to the 

 extent practical. One view was that there is no urgency for fusion 

 power plants or fusion-fission hybrid facilities in the early 21st 

 century. Thus, the appropriate research and development pace is 

 consistent with emphasis on an international cooperative programs. 



workshop participants thought that some key decisions on budget and 

 progrcun direction would have to be made soon. For exeunple, at the 

 time of the workshop, proposals for TPCX were being formed. 

 Accordingly, it seemed that decisions were needed on the technical 

 scope of the machine and whether it is to be proposed solely a U.S. 

 project or as a joint venture with others, "ttien, it seemed necessary 

 to face hard questions of how to accommodate another major fusion 

 machine within prospective budgets. It seemed unlikely that all of 

 the current U.S. work can be continued if TFCX were to be built by the 

 United States alone. Even with some of the costs shared by others, 

 the U.S. part would be a major project. 



International cooperation should enlarge the potential benefits; 

 consequently, barriers and difficulties may diminish. Cooperative 

 programs should be developed from open discussions of options for 

 accomplishing mutual objectives. The cooperating parties need to have 

 real contributions to offer and real benefits to obtain. 



International collaboration, in the sense of working actively 

 together as approximately equal partners in sizeable enterprises, as 

 distinct from cooperation, in the sense of acting with others for 

 mutual benefit on a small scale, is already vital to some U.S. 

 industry. International cooperation in fusion should continue, with 

 assurance of benefits to U.S. industry. Component and equipment 

 industries should be close to the program because ultimately, the best 

 developed industry will dominate. Program planning should consider 

 how to hold industry attention for the long term. The policy panel of 

 the workshop thought that national industrial policy issues, in 

 connection with both national security and the capture of economic 

 benefits, and technology transfer issues would become increasingly 

 difficult as magnetic fusion development moves toward engineering 

 tests and utilization technology development. U.S. magnetic fusion 

 research, carried out in national laboratories, is as open to foreign 

 businesses as to U.S. firms. This openness does not exist abroad. 



