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possibility is to use the lEA, which is established and has experience 

 behind it, although some of its management concepts may be difficult 

 to work with. Regardless of which approach is used, an essential 

 ingredient is to have strong political support from the nation's 

 leaders to set the tone for international cooperation. This 

 solidarity is hard to achieve in the United States because of 

 different points of view between the Administration and Congress. 

 International cooperation involving the United States must take into 

 account these difficulties and accommodate them so that the United 

 States is not deemed to be an unreliable partner. 



Technological developments usually take longer than projected and 

 opinions change as to when major achievements have been reached. 

 Therefore, it is difficult to hold the attention of industry for three 

 to four decades, which may be the time required for fusion 

 technology. This fact makes international cooperation difficult. 

 Nevertheless, the participation of industry is an important aspect of 

 fusion development, both as a matter of policy and in implementation 

 of policy. Industry must determine how it can leacn the technology as 

 well as contribute it to the long time frames that are expected. 



The relationships between an international board of directors and 

 the project manager are crucial to the success of a project. If both 

 are weak, then the international effort will be a disaster. A strong 

 project manager and a weak board can work together successfully in 

 good times. A strong board and a strong project manager may produce a 

 success but at the same time have conflict potential. In the case of 

 a strong board and a weak manager, the manager will have to go, and 

 quickly. In any case the cooperative project must be managed at the 

 technical level, although policies may be set at the political level. 



Overall, the workshop panel members concluded that international 

 cooperation in fusion can work and, in fact, has worked. Panel 

 members encouraged further cooperative efforts. However, it is 

 important to understand the views of potential partners so that 

 agreement is reached through mutual understanding and discussions. 

 For management and implementation of the program to be effective, 

 there are several significant essentials: 



o The political process must be reliable and perceived to be so. 

 o The national scientific community must have something to offer, 



and it will expect to get something in return, 

 o Industry must be brought into the process at an early date, and 



problems such as the current utility structure must be 



considered from the beginning. 



On the assumption that the United States will undertake more 

 international cooperation in fusion, the fusion community should 

 develop some basic priciples for negotiating the agreements. Four 

 points come to mind from the workshop discussions: 



