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sharing, and cost sharing. International collaboration is more 

 important to Japan now than it was three years ago. Japan and the 

 United States should think seriously about how to cause collaboration 

 to come about. However, there may be a perception that the United 

 States is interested in collaboration only because it cannot raise the 

 needed funds alone. The converse perception may also be true about 

 Japan. Specific proposals must be examined before specific 

 commitments to international collaboration can be made. There was 

 general agreement among the Japanese that it would be useful to start 

 discussions in the near future regarding possible major cooperative 

 efforts. 



Achieving international collaboration will take time. Ideally, 

 discussions would begin in 1985, after JT-60 operating results are 

 available and when a better idea of the post-JT-60 machine has been 

 formulated. 



The ultimate commercialization goal need not preclude collaboration 

 at the research and development level. There seemed to be no explicit 

 indication of any national "race" to develop fusion, or strategies to 

 run the race, or concern for the benefits of winning and the penalties 

 of losing. 



There seemed to be a preference for bilateral collaboration over 

 multilateral because of the added complexity of the latter. 

 Multilateral collaboration was thought to be harder on a big machine 

 than on a technology test project. However, a case-by-case 

 determination was thought necessary. There is reasonable possibility 

 of planning a big (bilateral) effort with a satisfactory division of 

 tasks. However, careful planning is needed because mistakes will be 

 costly. It will be hard to include the Soviet Union. 



COLLABORATION ON MAJOR FUSION PROJECTS 



International cooperation must not impair the national programs. 

 Extensive collaborative projects will have to satisfy the national 

 programmatic objectives of the participating nations. Less extensive 

 cooperative programs can be conducted at the margins of the national 

 programs. 



For purposes of discussing a specific possibility of collaboration, 

 committee members introduced the subject of the Tokamak Fusion Core 

 Experiment (TFCX) , which, at the time of the trip, had been proposed 

 in the United States. There seemed to be more real interest in 

 collaborating on major fusion projects (like TFCX and FER) than on 

 technological test facilities (like large coils, blankets, and tritium 

 processing) . The Japanese have set up cooperative programs with both 

 the European Community and the United States that form important 

 components of the Japanese planning. Japanese officials would 

 certainly like to continue and to expand such activities, although 

 there are some problems of implementation. An important area of 

 discussion was whether this cooperation could be extended to 

 collaboration on large devices, a particular example being TFCX. The 



