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APPENDIX I APPENDIX I 



The U.S. program has similarly benefited from cooperative 

 efforts with Japan and the European Community. For example, it 

 has benefited from Japan's financial and technical contributions 

 to the GA Technologies and Lawrence Livermore projects. In 

 addition, cooperation with Japan has provided valuable insight 

 into the role of industry in fusion energy development, and 

 Japan's ability to adapt, and improve upon, technological 

 innovations from the U.S. fusion program. As noted previously, 

 the United States is keeping abreast of advances in stellarators 

 through exchanges with the European Community, as well as with 

 Japan and the Soviet Union, 



The foreign programs have also benefited from U.S. partici- 

 pation in international cooperative efforts. At a minimum, the 

 foreign programs have benefited from U.S. technological advances 

 in plasma-heating techniques, materials studies, and the develop- 

 ment of the mirror and bumpy torus^ concepts. Foreign efforts 

 have also benefited from the U.S. program's fundamental advances 

 in tokamak confinement physics. 



PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED 



DOE fusion program officials and Japanese and European 

 Community representatives state that there has been excellent 

 cooperation among participants in international fusion R&D 

 efforts. In all cases, once an agreement had been reached, the 

 participants endeavored to adhere to its letter and intent. Any 

 problems encountered after an agreement had been signed have been 

 relatively minor. Problems have generally been resolved 

 informally among the participants. 



When preparing an agreement, participants attempt to preclude 

 problems of a substantive nature from occurring. Thus, an 

 agreement should clearly define each participant's rights and 

 responsibilities before it is signed. Agreements, as a rule, 

 establish committees to resolve any substantive problems that may 

 occur. 



Negotiation of an agreement can, at times, take more time to 

 complete than is initially expected, for after technical scope of 

 the cooperative efforts has been selected, agreement must still be 

 reached on terms and conditions with respect to the liability of 

 each participant, the treatment of intellectual property, and 

 various procedures for the implementation of the particular pro- 

 gram or projects under the agreement. Since the Freedom of 

 Information Act is unique to the United States, the handling of 



^Bumpy torus is an alternative magnetic confinement fusion 

 concept. It is a hybrid ( tokamaK-mirror ) device in which short 

 mirror segments are connected in a circular configuration. 



12 



