741 



The challenge is to design adequate policy, progran and budgetary 

 procedures for iaternational activities extensively involving donestic 

 agencies uithin a svsten that has developed with rather sharp dor.arcat ions 

 between international and domestic activities. 



The goal of efficient nanagement leads to a desire co conpartnientalize 

 programs according to their objectives, to ascribe funding to the relevant 

 sources, to compare programs cotnpeting for resources within a defined 

 -irea, and to develop clear criteria for evaluation. These procedures, 

 obviously desirable in themselves, are difficult to follow successfully 

 when applied to international science and technology programs that are 

 often carried out for a mi/: of policy and scientific objectives with 

 different agencies having differing criteria of choice representing 

 aspects of that rai.v,. How can effective critieria be developed for 

 judging the value of programs, as compared to what other programs? How 

 can subjective foreign policy criteria be weighed against relatively 

 objective scientific criteria? \Vhere is the funding to come from: 

 domestic science budgets, or budgets of a foreign policy agency, or 

 a separate line item in domestic agency budgets? The requirement for 

 funding to come entirely from development agencies may make sense from 

 an abstract management perspective, but nay not be commensurate with 

 the ci.xed purposes of programs, nor the way in practice to develop 

 quality programs or to mazinize effectiveness. Programs funded entirely 

 from sources outside an agency rarely lead to the kind of com-mitment , 

 leverage within the agency, assignment of permanent positions, or support 

 from the Agency leadership or from the Congress necessary to encourage 

 adequate attention to qaulity or co policy objectives. 



These elements of alternative procedures to meet these and other 

 difficulties are suggested in the discussion below. As in any intricate 

 policy area, Che subject is sufficiently complex Co make it difficulc co 

 encompass all aspects in a relatively brief analysis, or to make substantial 

 changes in the program and policy process quickly. Accordingly, the 

 suggestions are made later are proposed as experiments to explore what 

 is realistic and co modify procedures in the light of experience. 



CacepjOries of "International Science & Technology " 



International science and technology activities cover a wide range 

 with different issues associated with different kinds of programs. In 

 order to examine these issues clearly, it is necessary first to separate 

 activities into several categories, recognizing that there is inevitably 

 some overlap among cliem. 



International activities directly supporting US "domestic" ?.(.Z 

 objectives 



In this category are those programs or activities that arise 

 2ctiy from the RiD goals of the US Government. E:-;amples are: 



