767 



little attention in this Ministerial re-examination. Those are 

 the sub.jects for which cooperation is relatively established, 

 and which have such well-developed and organised professional 

 communities that there is little concern that opportunities 

 for cooperation will be missed. 



On the other hand, it is the applied science and 

 applied technology areas that require large investments, that 

 do not ordinarily have organised professional communities to 

 surface cooperative opportunities, and that often do not 

 receive adequate consideration as candidates for international 

 cooperation because of concern about possible industrial 

 competition. 



Experience in recent years with many cooperative 

 programmes in technological areas, including particularly the 

 lEA, has shown that with adequate prior attention to agreements 

 on patents, licences and related issues, these programmes can, 

 in fact, be quite successful. They are not easy, and there 

 certainly have been programmes that have achieved far less 

 than desired. But it is clear now that they can be done well. 



Thus, it is in these more applied areas where the 

 greatest opportunities are likely to exist, since they constitu't 

 the largest demands on national R&D budgets, and have tended 

 not to receive adequate consideration in the past. 



