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addition, as significant as are the defense issues, they have tended to 

 receive more concentrated attention. Hence, they will appear later in this 

 paper, without denying in any way the fundamental significance of science anc 

 technology to security issues and, particularly, to international stability. 



A. Economic 



1. Competition/Cooperation Among Advanced Industrial Countries 

 It is not a novel observation that the most serious short-term problem of 

 the U.S. and of other Western industrialized nations is and will continue to 

 be coping with the effects of inflation in a largely stagnating economic 

 situation. Unemployment rates are high in many of the countries (over 9% in 

 the U.K. atvthe end of 1980), with inflation at the double digit level for 

 several. There are, of course, many causes for the relatively bleak economic 

 outlook, which it would be inappropriate to attempt to analyze in the context 

 of this paper. However, not only does this situation affect the international 

 role that science and technology may play, but some measures individual 

 countries may take for economic purposes will affect the course of science and 

 technology, and some may be designed to limit the international flow of 

 scientific and technological information in the attempt to serve economic 

 goals. 



a. Industrial Policy: 



It has become almost a fad to talk of the need in the U.S. for an 



"industrial policy" or for "reindustrial iza tion. " Whatever the full 



connotations of those phrases, several aspects are particularly relevant to 



