813 



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considerations for which they are not responsible. An attempt to introduce 

 nonprol iferation considerations into the R&D on nuclear reactors, through 

 participation of a State Department representative in the setting of 

 objectives in the Department of Energy, has apparently had some limited 

 success, and deserves evaluation. 



In its most general formulation, this task can be stated as the need to 

 include, in defense R&D planning and management, the evaluation of broader 

 effects of the intended results of R&D. The objective is an important one and 

 ought to be the focus of further experimentation. 



Other aspects of science, technology, and security are also troubling; 

 some because of the effects on non-military areas. The sharp increase in 

 defense spending proposed by the Administration will have important impact on 

 the civilian sector, not only in the obvious effects on the budget. 

 Engineering manpower, already in short supply, will be siphoned off in larger 

 numbers to defense industry, exacerbating their shortage in consumer goods 

 industries, and likely worsening the nation's competitive position. It will 

 also tend to stimulate even more the momentum of scientific and technological 

 Change applied to military hardware, since the level of R&D, and the ideas for 

 new applications, will be fueled by the larger cadre of scientists and 

 engineers creatively at work. 



There may also be important effects on the nation's universities, growing 

 out of concern for the almost direct military application of basic research. 

 Signs of that are already evident in cryptological applications of theoretical 

 mathematics, which have led to a kind of voluntary censorship. 16 



l^Science, Vol. 211, 20 Feb. 1981, p. 797. 



