1036 



U.S. PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL 5&C COOPERATION 23 



• Direct cooperation between national establishments— or use of 

 existing international organizations— is generally preferable to the 

 creation of a new international body. 



• A balance between equity (returns in relation to investment) and 

 efficiency (entrusting work to those more competent to perform it) 

 must be reached. 



• Adequate mechanisms for supervision and responsibility in moni- 

 toring and management must be provided. 



• The international program should not compete with national pro- 

 grams—it should complement them. 



• Red tape must be minimized and the delegation of responsibilities 

 maximized. 



• Budgets should extend over a number of years to ensure financial 

 stability. 



It is significant that these OECD guidelines fail to address directly 

 what many would consider the most essential criteria for effective co- 

 operation: namely, the need to take account of that which promotes 

 the health and advancement of science in terms of the allocation of 

 limited resources and the design of cooperative arrangements. As sug- 

 gested in the preceding analysis, this prescription represents a not in- 

 significant task. Yet, given the changing conditions and new chal- 

 lenges facing the global community, the search for new, more 

 effective modes of international cooperation must become a matter of 

 high priority for the science and engineering establishment both in the 

 United States and worldwide. 



REFERENCES AND NOTES 



Adapted in part from the NSF Advisory Council. Final Report. 1978. Expanded Scien- 

 tific Cooperation with Western Europe, p. 27. 



Lawrence Scheinman. 1982. International cooperation in science and technology re- 

 search and development: Some reflections on past experience. Nuclear Technology/ 

 Fusion 2:535. 



Shaffer, Stephen M., and Lisa Robock Shaffer. 1982. The Politics of International Co- 

 operation: A Comparison of U.S. Experience in Space and in Security. Monograph 

 Series in World Affairs, Graduate School of International Studies, Vol. 17, Book. 4. 

 Denver, Colo.: The University of Denver Press. 

 Scheinman, pp. 536-537. 



Granger, John V. 1979. Technology and International Relations. San Francisco: W. H. 

 Freeman and Company, p. 42. 



The idea, which was ultimately abandoned because of disagreement among the major 

 NATO countries, was to create an international center of scientific and technological 

 excellence on the model of a world university. See James R. Killian, Jr. 1965. An inter- 

 national institute of science and technology. In Norman Kaplan, ed. Science and Soci- 



