1042 



32 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION 



ests in the international arena, in the laudable effort to maintain de- 

 tailed policy and management control. 



To examine this in greater detail, it is best to first separate interna- 

 tional science and technology activities into three rough categories, 

 recognizing inevitable overlap, for the issues are somewhat different 

 for each. 



International Cooperation Directly Supporting U.S. "Domestic" 

 R&D Objectives 



In this category are those programs or activities that arise directly 

 from the R&D goals of the U.S. government. Examples are: 



• cooperation with, and occasional support of, foreign scientists or 

 institutions in pursuit of common scientific objectives when justified 

 on competitive assessments of scientific quality 



• programs carried out internationally because of the requirements 

 of the subject, such as in oceanography, geophysics, or global climate; 



• participation in internationally organized research endeavors, 

 such as the International Geophysical Year or the Global Atmospheric 

 Research Project; and 



• comparative studies or conferences intended to improve U.S. ef- 

 forts by examination of policies or programs of other countries (e.g., 

 environmental standards, use of health care technology). 



International Cooperation Carried Out for Mixed Foreign Policy 

 and Scientific Purposes 



In this category are those programs or activities that have an impor- 

 tant foreign policy component as part of their motivation. ^ Examples 

 are: 



• dedicated programs of bilateral cooperation with other countries 

 that are established to serve one or several foreign policy objectives 

 with those countries (i.e., the programs with the USSR, Poland, 

 China, and France are illustrations; the Chinese program overlaps 

 with the development assistance category as well); 



• activities with, or in, other countries that may not be part of a 

 dedicated program with that country, but are at least partially justi- 

 fied by foreign policy interests (e.g., possible desalination projects in 



