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U.S. GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND POLICY PROCESS 33 



the Middle East, involvement of local oceanographic institutions in 

 U.S. expeditions); 



• application of U.S. science and technology capabilities for U.S. 

 policy purposes (such as foreign participation in Landsat, use of U.S. 

 technology abroad for mapping and oil exploration, or commitment 

 of domestic R&D resources to tackle a problem of particular interest 

 to another country); 



• programs to encourage expansion of foreign R&D, or refocusing 

 of foreign R&D on objectives the United States sees as priority prob- 

 lems (e.g., efforts to stimulate energy-related R&D through the Inter- 

 national Energy Agency (lEA), or some aspects of the Japanese coop- 

 erative program). 



Science and Technology Cooperation Designed to Serve 

 International Development Objectives 



This category, closely related to the previous ones, involves those 

 activities particularly geared to the development assistance objectives 

 of the United States and to the problems of developing countries 

 across the range from the poorest to those now considered "middle 

 income." The justification for separation from other foreign policy in- 

 terests is simply the present magnitude and likely future significance 

 of this category to the United States. In addition, the different policy 

 and funding structure in the development assistance area makes the 

 issues to be dealt with substantially distinct. Examples are: 



• programs of cooperation between U.S. agencies, or U.S. -funded 

 institutions and those in less-developed countries (LDCs) on develop- 

 ment problems, sometimes in the context of dedicated bilateral agree- 

 ments, other times on an individual project basis; 



• support of R&D in institutions outside the United States on devel- 

 opment problems; 



• commitment of R&D resources in the United States to work on 

 development problems, varying from full commitment of some re- 

 sources to partial modification of domestically oriented programs to 

 make them more relevant to development applications; 



• application of U.S. science and technology capabilities to devel- 

 opment needs abroad, such as resource exploration, Landsat imagery, 

 communications technology; and 



• participation in international science and technology programs 

 (United Nations and others) concerned with development. 



