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68 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION 



TABLE 1 Patterns ot International Cooperation, 1958-1983" 



Includes past and currently approved cooperative prefects. 

 SOURCE; NASA. 25 Year-; ot NASA International Programs. lanuary W83. 



The U.S. -European partnership in space science has been on the 

 whole remarkably successful, both in terms of cooperation between the 

 United States and individual European countries and between the 

 United States and Europe's multilateral space science agencies, the Euro- 

 pean Space Research Organization (ESRO) and its successor, the Euro- 

 pean Space Agency (ESA). Projects such as Ariel (United States-United 

 Kingdom), Helios (United States-Federal Republic of Germany), Infra- 

 Red Astronomy Sdtellite (United States-United Kingdom-the Nether- 

 lands), International Ultraviolet Explorer (United States-United King- 

 dom-European Space Agency), and International Sun-Earth Explorer 

 (United States-European Space Agency) are just a few of the major 

 scientific undertakings which have benefited from U.S. -European col- 

 laboration. This record of success must be kept in mind in evaluating 

 any past and current stresses in the cooperative relationship. 



As the U.S. space program enters its second quarter century, there are 

 significant changes in U.S. -European cooperation; the major reasons 

 for these changes include: the increased maturity and level of space 

 capability that Europe is bringing to the partnership; the consequent ad- 

 dition of a competitive dimension, both in scientific and economic 

 terms, to the relationship; the increasing cost of space science missions; 

 and the relative scarcity of financial resources available on both sides of 

 the Atlantic for space science. 



Last fall saw the first flight of Spacelab, an orbital facility for manned 

 scientific experimentation that was developed by Europe at a cost of ap- 

 proximately $1 billion; Spacelab is designed for use with only the U.S. 

 space shuttle and reflects the intimate character of continuing U.S.- 



