1070 



U.S. -EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN SPACE SCIENCE 83 



6. Shaffer, Stephen M., and Lisa Robock Shaffer. 1982. The Politics of International Coop- 

 eration: A Comparison of U.S. Experience in Space and in Security. Monograph Series in 

 World Affairs, Graduate School of International Studies, Vol. 17, Book 4. Denver, 

 Colo.: The University of Denver Press, p. 18. 



7. NASA's approach to international cooperation. Appendix B in U.S. Congress, Office of 

 Technology Assessment. 1983. UNISPACE '82: A Context for International Coopera- 

 tion and Competition, p. 68. 



8. Shaffer and Shaffer, p. 49. 



9. Ibid., p. 17. 



10. Ibid., p. 50. 



11. Testimony by Kenneth S. Pedersen, Director, International Affairs Division, NASA, 

 before Senate Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, March 18, 1982. 



12. NASA's Approach to International Cooperation, p. 69. 



13. Shaffer and Shaffer, p. 17. 



14. Frutkin, 1965, p. 73. 



15. Ibid., p. 78. 



16. Frutkin, Arnold. 1983. U.S. policy: A drama in n' acts. Spectrum 20:70. 



17. Ibid., p. 74. 



18. Hinners, Noel. 1982. Space science and humanistics concerns. In Jerry Grey and Law- 

 rence Levy, eds. Global Implications of Space Activities. American Institute of Aeronau- 

 tics and Astronautics, p. 38. 



19. Frutkin, 1983, p. 71. 



20. Hinners, pp. 38-39. 



21. Ibid., p. 39. 



22. Letter from Thomas Paine, NASA Administrator, to the President, November 7, 1969, 



23. Aviation Week and Space Technology, September 1, 1980, p. 275. 



24. This analysis is based on my interviews with officials of ESA and the French space agency 

 CNES, April 1983. 



25. For a running account of the International Solar Mission controversy, see articles in 

 Aviation Week and Space Technology, March 2, March 30, August 3. September 28, 

 and December 28, 1981. 



26. NASA's Approach to International Cooperation, p. o9. 



27. This account of the current state of U.S. -European collaboration is taken trom the min- 

 utes of the NASA/ESA Space Science Planning Meeting, Paris, June 27-29, 1983. 



28. Memorandum of understanding between the United Stales National Aeronautics and 

 Space Administration and the Federal Minister for Research and Technology of the Fed- 

 eral Republic of Germany on the Roentgensattelit Project, August 8, 1982. 



29. Rea, Donald. Working group report on space science. In Grey and Levy, eds., p. 53. 



30. Hinners, p. 40. 



31. Aviation Week and Space Technology. September 1. 1980, p. 275. 



32. New Scientist, May 3, 1970, p. 342. 



33. Pedersen, Kenneth S. 1983. International aspects of commercial space activities. Speech 

 to Princeton Conference on Space Manufacturing, May 1983. 



