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138 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION 



to put great emphasis on axiomatic, "high-brow" aspects of the field. 

 The irreverence typical of the American approach, which doesn't mind 

 occasionally adopting a cheerfully "low-brow" stance, has had a 

 salutary effect on particle theory through its influence at CERN. 



PATTERNS OF U.S. COLLABORATION AT CERN: 

 PROBLEMS AND BENEFITS 



Activities of U.S. scientists at CERN are seen to fall, roughly, into 

 these categories: 



• Individuals who have been invited to CERN because of specific 

 promise that their presence at Geneva would be a major asset to the 

 laboratory. This may be on either a temporary or a permanent basis. 



• Short-term visitors (usually for 1-year terms) on leave from their 

 home institutions (often sabbatical leave); they may be partially or fully 

 supported by CERN, or merely enjoy the courtesies accorded unpaid 

 visitors. They may come to CERN to participate in a specific experiment 

 or development project, to do theoretical work, or they may decide on- 

 site which activity to join. 



• Small (or even larger) groups from one or several U.S. institutions 

 who come to CERN to collaborate on a given experiment they may have 

 co-proposed . Their activities at CERN are supported by t he U . S . funding 

 agencies, mostly within the framework of normal university or labora- 

 tory funding. CERN may or may not subsidize their presence in Geneva, 

 which is motivated by the availability of an attractive facility (beamline, 

 detector). Such collaborations may last for 2-4 years, the typical dura- 

 tion of an experiment. 



• Groups of U.S. scientists— usually entire university groups — who 

 have been attracted to CERN by a unique possibility of experimenta- 

 tion — vide the arrival of stable groups from the United States with the 

 advent of the ISR. Such groups have established a long-term presence at 

 CERN; their funding comes from the Department of Energy (DOE) or 

 the National Science Foundation (NSF) and is usually only indirectly 

 helped by CERN. Their size may be small, as the Northwestern Univer- 

 sity group, or moderate, as the UCLA team at the ISR, or become quite 

 massive (as the MIT team); they will in praxi be treated like a team from 

 any member-state institution, as long as they provide their share of 

 equipment and manpower for an enterprise. 



• Lastly, there is an interesting and pervasive presence of U.S. scien- 

 tists at CERN who are usually young, but past their first postdoctoral 

 period. They are usually bright people who came to CERN for a year 



