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140 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION 



European colleagues had been fairly well matched (to be specific, in 

 1978, 70 American physicists were engaged on CERN experiments, 

 about 70 percent of these at the ISR). Contributions and benefits were 

 seen to have been evenly matched. 



Let us try to be more specific here, without attemptmg to become 

 quantitative. What are the benefits accruing to the United States from its 

 CERN connections? 



• Providing access to unique facilities. As the demands on energy and 

 intensity of beams rise, it becomes less advisable (or even feasible) to 

 have parallel machine ventures in the U.S. and Europe. At present, the 

 CERN pp Collider, ISR, and LEAR are facilities not available in the 

 United States. Ready access to these machines for U.S. physicists is 

 important for a balanced U.S. program in high energy physics. Con- 

 versely, Europe foresees no early availability of 1 TeV'' fixed-target or 

 collider facilities; as a result, CERN's European Muon Collaboration is 

 the first European group that has contracted to take vital parts of their 

 existing equipment to the United States. This will undoubtedly boost the 

 activities of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) muon 

 program. The trend will accelerate in the future (see next section). 



• Sharing the cost of accelerator physics developments. In a routine 

 way, U.S. laboratories and CERN share technological advances in accel- 

 erator physics — frequently aided by exchange visits of U.S. personnel 

 at CERN and that of CERN staff at FNAL, Brookhaven, or SLAC. 

 Developments of superconducting magnets, of beam cooling tech- 

 niques,*^ of the study of beam instabilities, and of highly focusing parti- 

 cle optics may serve as examples. This practice more than doubles the 

 means effectively available to U.S. accelerator laboratories for much- 

 needed development work. 



• Sharing the cost of detector development (and construction) . Simi- 

 larly, access to much European detector development — which is largely 

 directed at, if not locally tied up with, CERN experimentation— is of 

 great value to U.S. scientists. Much of the pervasively important wire 

 chamber and drift chamber technology, to name just one example, 

 came almost "free of charge" from CERN. The same can, to a lesser 

 degree, be said of liquid argon calorimetry, ring-imaging Cherenkov 

 counting, and other techniques. Again, close collaboration more than 

 doubles effective U.S. resources. 



• Sharing the cost of entire experimental projects. This is a concept 

 that has been evolving from early ISR activity, where the MIT-led 

 /i"*" /i ~ experiment was actually performed on a shared-cost basis. With 



