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156 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION 



ad hoc hybrid organization proved immensely effective and served as a 

 model for the current WMO-ICSU World Climate Research Program 

 and its ICSU — UNESCO oceanographic component. 



The programmatic setting of CARP was adroitly conceived to pair a 

 scientific program of fundamental research justified by rather esoteric 

 intellectual concepts with an operationally oriented program of services 

 and development assistance that offered short-term practical advan- 

 tages to all countries The linkages between the hoped-for results of the 

 research effort and the clearly apparent needs of the operational pro- 

 gram were continually made explicit. Indeed, the terminal event of 

 GARP will be a conference in 1985 specifically designed to draw from 

 the research community the conclusions important for the design of 

 future operational weather systems. The linkage between research and 

 operational needs, and the parallel linkage between the scientific com- 

 munity and govemmentally provided resources, promoted a wide- 

 spread perception of mutual benefits in the program. Developing na- 

 tions, even those with minimal scientific research establishments, could 

 readily perceive the benefits of improved weather services. Moreover, 

 the existence of a world weather program offered a channel for technical 

 assistance and training that was of great appeal. Participating scientists 

 saw a means not only of attaining their individual scientific objectives 

 and of communicating with their colleagues in other countries, but also 

 of legitimizing their own aspirations in the eyes of their nations' research 

 establishments. The GARP label on a scientific proposal may not have 

 been equivalent to a blank check, but it certainly buttressed strongly the 

 efforts of scientists in many countries to obtain resources from their 

 governments. 



The most important factor, however, underlying the longevity and 

 achievements of GARP was the steadfast maintenance of its scientific in- 

 tegrity. Although its genesis was largely political, it rapidly acquired a 

 sound scientific basis through the efforts of Jule Chamey, Edward 

 Lorenz, and many others. An impeccable and widely accepted body of 

 scientific research demonstrated unequivocally that improved 

 numerical models of the atmosphere and ocean would indeed lead to 

 better weather forecasts and enhanced ability to deal with the problems 

 of natural and manmade climate variations. The innovative institu- 

 tional arrangements set up under WMO and ICSU permitted the clarity 

 and sharpness of focus on these objectives to be maintained throughout 

 the long life of GARP. The JOC was not only independent in theory, it 

 was provided with the resources in terms of money and staff to exercise 

 effectively that independence. In essence, the nations of the world com- 

 mitted themselves individually and collectively to do something called 



