1110 



164 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION 



over the years, major changes in support and scientific oversight have 

 occurred. From the U.S. side, six additional institutional members have 

 been added to the original JOIDES four: the University of Washington 

 in 1968, the University of Hawaii, Oregon State University, the Univer- 

 sity of Rhode Island, and Texas A&M University in 1975, and the 

 University of Texas at Austin in 1982. In addition, in 1976, the U.S. in- 

 stitutions formed JOI (Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.), a non- 

 profit corporation. JOI took over from Scripps the management of the 

 JOIDES scientific advisory structure in 1978 and U.S. site surveys in 

 1978, thereby resolving a potential conflict of interest between Scripps' 

 role as both the science operator and the contractor responsible for the 

 scientific advice to the operator. 



It is clear that the development of the U.S. drilling program was 

 marked by false starts and years of complex negotiations. Even though 

 the scientific goals were widely accepted and the technology was within 

 reach, the self-education of a research community not used to large- 

 scale cooperative research, and the resolution of difficulties introduced 

 by a number of strong personalities at the various institutions took 

 years to achieve. It is doubtful whether the level of cooperation re- 

 quired to launch the DSDP could have been achieved simultaneously at 

 both the national and international levels. 



The International Phase of Ocean Drilling 



From the very beginning of the DSDP, JOIDES has drawn heavily on 

 the non-U. S. scientific community to participate in the advisory panel 

 discussions that determined the drilling targets. Likewise, non-U. S. 

 participants were prominent in most shipboard scientific parties; for 

 legs 1 through 44 (the U.S. -funded phase of the program) from 1968 to 

 1975, 141 of 448 shipboard scientists (more than 30 percent) were from 

 other countries. 



Thus, by the early 1970s a large community of marine earth scientists 

 from 15 countries outside the United States was well aware of the scien- 

 tific value of the DSDP, the way it operated and was managed, and the 

 nature of its support. 



When it became clear that the United States would have difficulty in 

 providing full funding for the program beyond 1975, these non-U. S. 

 scientists formed a series of knowledgeable pools of expertise able to ad- 

 vise their governments when the United States sought their active par- 

 ticipation in the program. As a result, between January 1974 and 

 November 1975, five non-U. S. members joined JOIDES to create the In- 

 ternational Phase of Ocean Drilling (IPOD). In each case, negotiations 



