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DEEP SEA DRILLING 165 



were carried out on a bilateral basis between the NSF and a designated 

 national representative. 



USSR . The Soviet participation in JOIDES was formalized by the 

 1972 U.S. -USSR World Ocean Agreement and Science and Technology 

 Agreement, signed during the Nixon-Kissinger visit to Moscow in 1972. 

 Discussions and letters during the latter part of 1972 and during 1973 led 

 to the signing of a formal Memorandum of Understanding between NSF 

 and the USSR Academy of Sciences in February 1974. The Memoran- 

 dum, effective January 1, 1974, was for a period of 5 years and was 

 renewed for 9 months (plus close-out costs for FY 1980) in 1979. Subse- 

 quent Soviet participation in the program was inhibited by restrictions 

 imposed by the Carter administration following the invasion of 

 Afghanistan and was finally terminated by the Reagan administration's 

 1982 decision not to renew the U.S. -USSR Science and Technology 

 Agreement 



Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Negotiations between NSF 

 and its FRG counterpart, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), 

 led to the signing of a 2-year Memorandum of Understanding in July 

 1974. The Memorandum, effective January 1, 1974, designated the 

 Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) as the FRG 

 member of JOIDES. The following 3-year Memorandum was signed by 

 the BGR and has been renewed by amendment for three additional 

 2-year periods. 



Japan . In June 1975 NSF signed a Memorandum of Understanding 

 with the Ocean Research Institute (ORI) of the University of Tokyo, by 

 which Japan became a member of JOIDES in August 1975. The initial 

 Memorandum was open ended. A new Memorandum for 1979-1980 

 was signed when the contribution was increased. This has subsequently 

 been extended by amendment for two additional 2-year periods. Even 

 though ORI is the official Japanese signatory, the funding agency 

 (MONBUSHO) has been an attentive observer during the NSF-ORI 

 negotiations. 



United Kingdom. Following the signing of a Memorandum of Un- 

 derstanding between NSF and the Natural Environmental Research 

 Council (NERC) in September 1975, the United Kingdom became a 

 member of JOIDES on October 1, 1975. The initial Memorandum 

 covered 3 years and has been extended to the end of IPOD by three 

 subsequent amendments. 



