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170 SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION 



brella for the bilateral negotiations. Subsequent events have shown, 

 however, that the removal of such umbrellas can be as destructive to 

 scientific cooperation at the operational level as their creation is 

 constructive. 



The creation of IPOD may have been possible in the absence of either 

 an established U.S. program or strong national scientific lobbies. It 

 would almost certainly have been impossible in the absence of both. 



REFERENCE AND NOTE 



1. Van Andel, T. H. 1968. Deep-sea drilling for scientific purposes: A decade of dreams. 

 Science 160:1419-1424. 



2. I am grateful to Jerry van Andel at Stanford, who helped reconstruct the early history of 

 scientific drilling, to Tom Cooley at NSF's Office of Scientific Ocean Drilling, who edu- 

 cated me on the chronology of the international negotiaions, and to Jack Clotworthy and 

 DanHunt at JOI, Inc., who checked the manuscript for accuracy. Needless to say, any re- 

 maining errors of fact or interpretation are mine. 



