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GRADUATE STUDENT/ POSTDOCTORAL INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE 211 



awards on specific modes on international "implication," that is, in- 

 ternational involvement. Some important findings are: 



• Of 28,125 NSF awards of all directorates studied for the period, 

 26.7 percent had international implications. 



• Although large international group efforts use most of the NSF 

 funding that has international implications, the largest number of NSF 

 grants are for research by individuals and nearly 1,000 U.S. scientists 

 annually receive some NSF support for such activities, under bilateral 

 programs alone. 



• The figures related to industrial, or scientifically advanced, coun- 

 tries show high values for mathematical and physical sciences, engi- 

 neering, and biological, behavioral, and social sciences, mainly re- 

 flecting cooperation with Western Europe and Japan. 



• The "nature of implication" (i.e., international involvement) var- 

 ied greatly according to program needs of the directorates, as shown 

 in Table 8 below. 



In summary, foundation awards do include significant support for 

 international interactions, although the nature of such interactions 

 varies considerably among the discipline. programs. One can assume 

 that there is an involvement of young researchers through these sup- 

 port mechanisms, although the amount cannot be determined from 

 current data collection. It is noteworthy that under foreign travel the 

 foundation does give special consideration to supporting participation 

 of postdoctoral and young scientists who wish to attend NATO Ad- 

 vanced Study Institutes. 



AAEO Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences. 



BBS Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences. 



ENG Engineering. 



MPS Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 



STIA Scientific, Technological and International Affairs. 



