68 ©rafting. 



the soil on the line A-B at given distances, we mark the 

 form of the new surface. AVhere excavations have to be 

 made, holes must be dug in the ground, in which the pegs 

 are driven to the desired depth, and where it is intended to 

 form a mound or knoll, the height of the pegs must cor- 

 respond with the height of the surface line, as shown in the 

 figure. The finished surface is shown in B. 



Most of the work of grading on small places, where the 

 object is simply to round the surface of a lawn, or raise 

 low mounds for shrubberies or flower-beds, or to build ter- 

 races in front of a house, can be done by means of spade, 

 shovel, and wheelbarrow. Much of this work may be done 

 without wheeling or carting, as that shown in Fig. 29 ; the 

 soil from A may easily be thrown to B, where it can be 

 levelled and finished by means of a rake. But where the 

 work is considerable and soil has to be transported long dis- 

 tances, dumping carts are needed for the transportation, 

 and a man should be kept to level the soil as it is brought 

 on the ground. For shorter distances the use of wheel- 

 barrows is more economical. If the soil is merely to be 

 shifted, to make slight variations in the ground, as in Fig. 

 34, it may be loosened by means of plowing, and scooped 

 from one place to the other. This is the most economical 

 manner of grading, if the soil is loose, or can be loosened 

 by the plow. As soon as one layer of soil has been re- 

 moved in this way, another may be plowed up and scooped 

 away in its turn ; and so on, until the desired result is 

 obtained, when the good soil put aside for covering can be 

 transported by the same means, and spread uniformly over 

 the surface. 



