192 



noted that "no ecosystem on earth has escaped the hand of man. 

 We have already intervened, and often deeply, in systems 

 involving marine mammals. Therefore, we must manage, if only 

 to assume [sic] that this intervention is kept in control." 31 



Congressman Dingell also advocated protecting marine 

 ecosystems. "The controlling issue in the controversy between 

 these two views must necessarily be what is best for the 

 animals themselves and for the ecosystems upon which they, and 

 possibly we, depend." 32 



Witnesses discussing the management approach that should 



be employed under the MHPA also referred to the need for a 



comprehensive, ecosystem-based program. As Dr. Kenneth Norris 



of the Marine Mammal Council testified before the Senate 



subcommittee : 



The management should be based not only upon 

 the biological health of the individual 

 species, but upon the health of the ecosystem 

 of which it is a part. . . . Such management 

 must be based upon continuing reappraisal of 

 the health of both animal and ecosystem. . . . 

 Enlightened management today is no longer 

 species management, it is instead ecosystem 

 management . 33 



31 House Hearings, at 402. 

 32 118 Cong. Rec. 7685 (1972). 

 33 Senate Hearings, at 359-60. 



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