THE SURFACE. 173 



a Park may be so entirely com2:)osed of large hills, that 

 the very sight of the place, and the thought of following 

 the up and down courses of the paths is enough to tire 

 any but a strong person. With a mean between these 

 two, we have the advantage of variety as afforded by 

 the hills and vales without much inconvenience of ascent 

 and descent. 



Where grounds of this preferred character are to be 

 improved, it is often easy to increase their effectiveness by 

 drawing out some existing features more strongly. A 

 prominence may be added to, at the expense of the val- 

 ley bottom at the side, or one mound removed to inci*ease 

 the strength of another, or a lake be excavated to the 

 advantage of the surroundings. Naturally such im- 

 provements suggest heavy expenses at the outset. But 

 let it be considered that every load of material moved in 

 such operations counts for two, because a depression of 

 one foot here, added to an elevation elsewhere, effects an 

 actual change in both of two feet at the expense of 

 moving one foot of earth. 



In every fair sized garden, prominent elevations to 

 support shady arbors, and from which to get a bird's 

 eye view of the scenery, and to catch cool breezes in hot 

 weather are worth aiming to secure. For guidance in 

 every kind of mound construction the brief suggestions 

 accompanying figure 19 are in a general way applicable. 



In earlier times, as many European gardens yet bear 

 evidence, it was thought that pleasure grounds to be 

 beautiful, must present a very artificial appearance. 

 Surfaces that were naturally quite level were so managed 

 as to present a series of terraces and slopes. Trees were 

 not only all of them planted in formal lines, but they 

 were by hundreds distorted into outrageous patterns by 

 clipping. The world moves, and landscape gardeners to- 

 day, although not disposed to set aside the old formal 

 style in every case, as a rule insist that the nearer they 



