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 cumulative effects on species viability from non- Federal 

 activities, and to activities in other habitat sectors where 

 the species might spend portions of their life cycle. 

 Furthermore, with anadromous fish, there is limited science 

 available to establish direct relationships between land 

 management actions and population viability. In considering 

 the effects of any Federal land management option on aquatic 

 resources, two key points are important: (1) there are 

 potentially other factors such as over-utilization, disease, 

 artificial propagation practices, and other habitat impacts 

 such as hydropower and irrigation developments, that have 

 continued to contribute to population declines; and (2) a plan 

 for managing Federal lands will not solve problems existing on 

 non- Federal land. 



We are optimistic that the President's plan will contribute 

 significantly toward improved habitat conditions and recovery 

 of stocks "at risk." However, ecosystems management cannot be 

 successful without participation of all Federal and non- Federal 

 landowners, Tribes, and agencies that affect a watershed. The 

 Federal agencies must foster a partnership for ecosystems 

 management with these entities, in order to ensure conservation 

 and prevent further degradation of the Region's aquatic 

 resources. 



