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absence, and natural production of upriver bright fall chinook in the Columbia has 

 improved. Examples of specific actions to improve survival are: 



. Mainstem improvements: The program uses a number of approaches to reduce 

 downstream and upstream salmon and steelhead mortality at and between Columbia 

 and Snake River hydroelectric dams. These include spill for fish passage on an 

 interim basis until bypass screens are installed and operating effectively; 

 development, installation and improvement of permanent bypass systems at all 

 mainstem dams; collection and transportation of juvenile fish around mainstem 

 hydroelectric projects in barges and trucks; and increased river velocities to boost 

 flows during the critical spring migration to the ocean. In addition, the program 

 includes a number of measures to improve survival of returning adult fish. 



. Harvest reductions: Harvest of fall chinook has been reduced. Harvest of spring 

 and summer chinook will remain at low levels until rebuilding is under way. 



. Predator control, habitat improvements: Bonneville is paying for a demonstration 

 project to reduce the population of squawfish, a salmon predator, in the Columbia 

 River. In addition, Bonneville has completed numerous projects to improve 

 tributary passage and repair habitat for salmon and steelhead. These projects have 

 occurred in the Clearwater, Deschutes, Grande Ronde, John Day, Salmon, Umatilla, 

 Wenatchee, Willamette and Yakima river subbasins. More than 2,000 miles of 

 stream have been improved for salmon and steelhead. Another 1,000 miles of 

 habitat have been opened to fish production by improving passage at or removing 

 barriers. The U.S. Forest Service cooperated in this effort. 



• Yakima River: The Council program has focused especially on the Yakima River 

 Basin. Historical run sizes of 500,000 to 600,000 adult salmon and steelhead had 

 declined by 1980 to around 1,000 fish. Under the Council program a jointly funded 

 series of passage projects have been completed. Participating funders include the 

 Bureau of Reclamation, Bonneville Power Administration, state of Washington and 

 Bureau of Indian Affairs. Fish returns are promising, with runs hovering around 

 10,000 fish. Similar passage and outplanting activities in the Umatilla River Basin 

 have yielded some 20,000 fish in the ocean harvest and the first spring chinook 

 returns to the river in 70 years. As provided in the Council program, this harvest 

 can be counted toward the Council's doubling goal. 



. Artificial production: The Council's program calls for development and operation of 

 five artificial production facilities. These projects should produce hundreds of 



