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The "fish and chips" policy provided access to fishery resources 

 within the U.S. 200-mile zone to Japanese fishing companies. In 

 exchange for continued fishing privileges, the Japanese government 

 and industry agreed to oertain concessions, including creating 

 marketing opportunities in Japan for American harvested and 

 processed products. This was the first phase of achieving the 

 Magnuson Act goal of Americanizing our fisheries resources. And 

 though I was not associated with Arctic Alaska until many years 

 later, Arctic Alaska was one of the first companies to seize the 

 opportunities that Congress provided under the "fish and chips" 

 policy. Francis Miller, who founded Arctic Alaska, recognized that 

 fishing and marketing success was best achieved by employing state- 

 of-the-art factory trawler technology. In 1983, the Pacific 

 Enterprise entered service competing head-to-head with the foreign- 

 flag vessels operating within the U.S. zone. 



The Americanization process was underway and was completed 

 sooner than most observers anticipated. The North Pacific fishery, 

 which accounts for nearly 60 percent of all U.S. fish landed, is 

 now harvested solely by U.S. -flag vessels. The foreign-flag 

 fishing and fish processing fleet has been displaced. The at-sea 

 processing sector, which includes factory trawlers, mothership 

 vessels, and catcher vessels, is largely responsible for achieving 

 Americanization so quickly. Along the way, Congress set strict 

 limits on foreign investment in fishing companies (but not 

 shoreside processing facilities) and established U.S. citizenship 

 requirements for crew members. The at-sea processing sector was 



