74 PROPAGATION BY DIVISION. [CHAP. IV. 



pipings ; but now they are merely cut off at a 

 joint like any other cuttings, after which they 

 are inserted in finely-sifted earth or sand, and 

 a hand-glass is fixed firmly over them. Most 

 florists cut off the tips of the leaves of pipings, 

 as shown in fig. 10., but others plant them en- 

 tire ; and the pipings grow apparently equally 

 well under both modes of treatment. 



The 'principal points to be attended to in 

 making cuttings are, to cut off the shoot at a 

 joint without bruising the stem ; to make the 

 cutting at a time when the sap is in motion ; 

 to fix die end which is to send out roots firmly 

 in the soil ; to keep it in an equal temperature, 

 both as regards heat and moisture ; to cut off 

 some of the leaves, and to shade the whole, so 

 as to prevent too much evaporation, without 

 excluding the light, which is wanted to stimu- 

 late the plant; to keep the soil moist, but not 

 too damp ; and to pot off the young plants as 

 soon as they begin to grow. Remember, also, 

 that all cuttings strike sooner, and with more 

 certainty, when they have the advantage of 

 bottom heat. 



Budding has been compared to sowing a 

 seed ; but it may rather be considered as mak- 

 ing a cutting with a single eye, and inserting 

 it in another tree, called the stock, instead of 

 in the ground. A young shoot of the current 

 year's wood is cut off in the latter end of July 

 or August, or, perhaps, if the season should be 

 very moist, in the first week in September ; and 

 incisions are made longitudinally and across, on 

 each side, above and below a bud, so that the 

 bud may be cut out, attached to an oblong 



