182 THE MANAGEMENT OF [CHAP. vn. 



up less room, in having a neater appearance, in 

 their fruit being more easily gathered, and in 

 their roots being more under the control of the 

 gardener. The latter is an important advan- 

 tage, and one of which every gardener should 

 avail himself. It has been already observed, 

 when speaking of the laying out of a kitchen- 

 garden, that, beyond the fruit border, there is 

 generally a walk inclosing the compartments 

 devoted to culinary vegetables in the centre. 

 Now, where espaliers are grown, there should 

 be a second chambered border, exactly like the 

 fruit border under the wall, which should be 

 shut out from the culinary compartments by a 

 low wall under ground, or flat stones placed 

 edgewise, or boards, or in fact anything, to 

 prevent the roots of the espaliers from spread- 

 ing into the ground devoted to the culinary 

 crops. When due precautions have been taken, 

 the espaliers should be planted near the bound- 

 ary, and their roots carefully spread out over 

 the chambered border, those parts being cut off 

 which cannot be brought to lie flat in the 

 proper direction. The ground is then pressed 

 firmly upon the roots, and espalier rails, either 

 of iron or wood, are fixed near the trees to tie 

 them to. Espalier trees are seldom suffered to 

 grow higher than five or six feet, on account of 

 the trouble of training them when they are of 

 a greater height; but to make amends for this 

 loss of space, their branches are allowed to 

 spread as widely as possible, according to the 

 nature of the trees. Thus apples should be 

 planted thirty feet apart, and cherries about the 

 same distance ; pears thirty-five feet, and plums 



