184 THE MANAGEMENT OF [CHAP. VII. 



the trees are liable, from their unnatural posi- 

 tion and constant cutting in, and which always 

 render espalier trees short-lived. 



Standard Fruit Trees. — Tall standard 

 trees should never, on any account, be planted 

 in a kitchen-garden; as, from their drip and 

 shade, it is impossible to grow good culinary 

 vegetables under them ; while, on the other 

 hand, the constant digging and trenching ne- 

 cessary to cultivate culinary vegetables force 

 the roots of the trees to descend so far, that it 

 is impossible for them to produce good fruit. 

 Dwarf standards are, however, by many pre- 

 ferred to espaliers ; as they are susceptible of 

 all the advantages, without any of the disad- 

 vantages, attendant on that mode of training. 

 A chambered border may be prepared for the 

 dwarf standards, in the same manner as for 

 the espaliers; and they may be placed in the 

 centre of it, instead of on one side. The 

 dwarf standards are generally grafted very 

 near the collar of the plant, and are trained to 

 form bushes rather than trees, but in various 

 manners. Some are trained round a hoop 

 placed inside, and others have their branches 

 trained upwards for a few feet, and then bent 

 downwards like an umbrella ; some are trained 

 en quenouille, with a single stem; others en 

 py r amide ; and others have their branches 

 spread out horizontally, and supported by 

 stakes placed at a regular distance in a circle 

 round the tree. In short, there are no limits 

 to fancy in this respect. The trees generally 

 grown in gardens as dwarf standards, are 

 apples, pears, and morello cherries. The other 



