HISTORICAL EPILOGUE 405 



the' Alhambra and the Sultana's cypresses date back to the 

 Moors. ^ 



The 2:ardens of the Escurial and Ildefonso in Madrid and of 

 Aranjuez near Toledo, were laid out under Philip lY. at the 

 beginning of the seventeenth century. The park of Aranjuez 

 (from Ara Jovis) is several leagues in circumference, intersected 

 by wide alleys, three or four miles long, framed of double rows of 

 elms, with a canal running between them, and the Tagus dividing 

 it. A^lasquez has painted these gardens and their fountains, which 

 the French under Soult converted into a wilderness, and the Duke 

 of \A^ellington enjoined upon General Hill to protect.- 



The Gardens of Hindostan are of much the same general char- 

 acter as those of Persia : famous especially were those of the 

 Mogol emperors at Delhi and Bangalore : the gardens of Kalimar 

 at Delhi were created at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 

 at the cost of a million pounds. At Agra were the Imperial Park 

 (Rom-Bagh) ; the tomb of Akbar, and the Taj-Mahal, erected 

 by the Emperor Shah Jehan to his favourite wife. At Ahmadah 

 was Akbar's ' Garden of Conquests,' where he collected every kind 

 of fruit-tree cultivated in his empire : the Kajah-Mahal of Shah- 

 Soudjah was on the Ganges; he was conquered in 1659 by his 

 brother Aurungzeb, the last of the great Mogols, who laid out the 

 Park of Farrah-Bagh, near Ahmehnagora, at the end of the seven- 

 teenth century, to affirm his conquest of the Deccan. These and 

 many other Indian gardens are described by Bishop Heber in his 

 'Narrative of a Journey through India.' Other remarkable 

 gardens of India are the Nashim-Bagh (Garden of Breezes), 

 Nishat-Bagh (Garden of Delight), and Shalamar-Bagh (Garden of 



^ See Illustration by Mr G. Elgood, ai/tc' p. 86. 



- Some books of reference upon Spanish gardens are : 



Gabriel Alonso de Herrera, ' Libro de Agricultura,' folio, Toledo, 1546. 



' Theatrum Hispanice,' Amsterdam, 1660. 



Ford's 'Handbook of Spain' (first edition . 



Th. Gautier's * Voyage en Espagne.' 



La Gasca, ' Beautes Naturelles de I'lvspagne. 



Inglis's 'Spain in 1830.' 



