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without either rocks or stones, a fall may be formed by excavating a sufficient 

 width out of the bank to afford room to lay, or wall, large rude stones, from a 

 quarter of a ton to two or more tons in weight, as circumstances permit ; and 

 these should be placed (of course, the largest at the bottom) so as to form a 

 natural, broken, and rough concave, appearing, as much as possible, as if 

 worn by time. In an extensive cascade there should be slopes and perpen- 

 dicular parts; and, in some parts of the slopes, the water should be divided 

 by large blocks of stone, leaving cavities at intervals in the course, for 

 bushes of ferns, or other low plants capable of bearing the spray. The 

 streams must meet again before entering the principal perpendicular fall. In 

 order to prevent the water from taking a wrong course behind the stones, 

 cement should be used in the joints. A good clay-puddle wiU answer, if the 

 stones are properly bedded in the clay, and well puddled behind them : clay 

 and gravel, or small broken stones, must also be well worked together into the 

 crevices. It will be important to observe, in walling the fall, that more than the 

 breadth required for the watercourse will be necessary, and various breadths of 

 rockery must appear. It is desirable, too, to place the stones in beds, showing 

 natural seams, and forming lesser and greater shelfy projections. A small 

 pool of water, a few yards in diameter, should lie at the bottom of the 

 cascade. It should be of considerable depth just where the water falls, to 

 give the appearance of its depth being caused by time, through the action of 

 the water. This pool, as well as the watercourse, — at least in the vicinity 

 of the fall, and from points whence the fall is seen, — must wear the same 

 character, by being varied with larger and smaller stones, and thus harmonize 

 with the principal rock. The fall should be viewed from a walk passing near 

 to it, from a seat, or from a bridge crossing the brook. To give greater variety, 

 if the ground will allow, the stream may occasionally be brought to spread 

 into various breadths, fringed with indigenous bushes, presenting, as much as 

 possible, a brook in all its natural character. These, with other interesting 

 parts of the same rivulet, should be brought within the range of view of the 

 continued walk, and, at other times, retire so as to be totally lost in thickets. 

 The murmuring sounds, also, should at times be lost, and again the ear may 

 be cheered by them, alternately distant and nearer, thereby producing variety 

 and pleasurable interest. 



A River. — To divert the course of a river, or form a cascade across it, 

 would be a gigantic work, and a question of expenditure ; but when this is 



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