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in any one kind of ground than in others, it is when the surface is flat, 

 because different kinds of trees vary so much, not only in their early growth, 

 but in the height which they attain at maturity. Grouping in kinds produces 

 force in the variety of surface, whilst the system of mingling produces only 

 an indented surface, almost wholly destitute of expression. The oak and the 

 grafted elm, the Spanish and the horse chesnut, the ash and the thorn, the 

 beech and the lime, the sycamore and the maple, the wych elm and the holly, 

 the Turkey and the English oak, the larch and the thorn, the silver fir and 

 the Scotch pine, the spruce fir and the alder, all contrast effectually. 



But to guard against misunderstanding, let me repeat what I mean by 

 grouping in kinds. In massive plantations there should be twenty, thirty, or 

 fifty oaks (according to extent), ten or twenty English elms, thirty or forty 

 Spanish chesnuts, five horse chesnuts, twenty ashes, five or six birches, and 

 so on of each species, together, but blending naturally into each other, 

 keeping low-growing kinds next to a group of tall ones, so that the greatest 

 variety and brokenness of surface may be produced. Tbe most useful kinds 

 of trees should always compose the largest masses. A few small groups of 

 Lombardy poplars or larches, rising out of a mass that would otherwise 

 present a uniform surface, will be effective in varying it. It must also be 

 remembered that when the least rising ground presents itself in the planting 

 sites, there the tallest growing trees ought to be planted ; and next to these, 

 where it is necessary to plant, those of a more dwarfish habit must be 

 employed ; while in other parts that are flat or level, it will be necessary at 

 one time to assemble together tall trees, and at another lower growing kinds. 

 In this way an undulating surface will be produced, while the mingled system 

 would be all monotony and evenness, affording the eye neither change nor 

 delight. A park of flat surface must never be crowded with masses nor 

 scattered trees. This would limit the view and destroy variety. The groups 

 and masses there required to enliven the landscape must be fewer than in bold 

 scenery, and so arranged as to leave peeps of pasture for the eye to rest upon 

 when looking from the house, and otherwise command as much extent as 

 may be, without falling too abruptly on the boundary fine. These openings 

 or vistas ought not to appear of precisely equal breadth through their whole 

 extent, but should produce an impression of intricacy and variety, by being 

 arranged obliquely and diversely, as well as directly. 



