468 LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 



perpetual spring, can be commanded, the Hydraulic Ram 

 is the most perfect as well as the simplest and cheapest 

 of all modes of raising water. A supply pipe of an inch 

 in diameter is in many cases sufficient to work the Ram 

 and force water to a great distance ; and where sufficient 

 to fill a "driving pipe" of two inches diameter can be 

 commanded, a large reservoir may be kept constantly 

 filled. As the Hydraulic Ram is now for sale in all our 

 cities we need not explain its action. 



" In conducting the water from the cistern or reservoir 

 to the jet or fountain, the following particulars require to 

 be attended to : In the first place, all the pipes must be 

 laid sufficiently deep in the earth, or otherwise placed and 

 protected so as to prevent the possibility of their being 

 reached by frost ; next, as a general rule, the diameter of 

 the orifice from which the jet of water proceeds, tech- 

 nically called the bore of the quill, ought to be four times 

 less than the bore of the conduit pipe ; that is, the quill 

 and the pipe ought to be in a quadruple proportion to 

 each other. There are several sorts of quills or spouts, 

 which throw the water up or down, into a variety of 

 forms : such as fans, parasols, sheaves, showers, mushrooms, 

 inverted bells, etc. The larger the conduit pipes are, the 

 more freely will the jets display their different forms ; and 

 the fewer the holes in the quill or jet (for sometimes this is 

 pierced like the rose of a watering pot) the greater 

 certainty there will be of the form continuing the same; 

 because the risk of any of the holes choking up will be 

 less. The diameter of a conduit pipe ought in no case 

 to be less than one inch ; but for jets of very large size, 

 the diameter ought to be two inches. Where the conduit 

 pipes are of great length, say upwards of 1000 feet, it is 



