16 OCEANOGRAPHY 



Mr. Miller. Doctor, are you not in effect telling us that all we are 

 going- to do is to bring the Coast and Geodetic Survey into the 20th 

 century ? At the time it was established sailing was used a great deal 

 in the traffic of the ocean. Most all fishing boats were sailed under 

 sail. In GO years great changes have taken place and there have been 

 technological advances, so that we do go far afield for fish for food. 

 It is a completely new area, just as much as the break from the old 

 wagon train in the early days of the development of the country has 

 taken place and all we are trying to do is modernize ; is that right ? 



Dr. Kevelle. Yes ; it certainly is. The way I would put this, Mr. 

 Chairman, is that at the present time with our present technology 

 and our present needs, it is really completely impossible to divide the 

 ocean up into arbitrary areas. The oceans of the world are indi- 

 visible. They are a unit, and to say that you have some kind of an 

 artificial line between one part and another just does not coincide with 

 our present needs or our present capabilities. 



Mr. INIiLLER. I remember, too, that we have a Geological Survey 

 that makes topographic maps of the United States. This sprang 

 from the military. The work was once done by the Army. 



Dr. Eevelle. The founder of the Survey was, of course. Major 

 Powell, who had been in the surveying branch of the Army. 



Mr. Miller. Fremont entered the Army as a topographical engi- 

 neer, not as a line officer. With the most modern methods of aerial 

 survey today, we have not succeeded in completely mapping the land 

 area of the United States, which is less than one-fiftieth of the area 

 of the ocean. 



Mr. Pelly? 



Mr. Pelly. I would first like, Mr. Chairman, to join with you in 

 the sentiment that you expressed earlier with regard to the hospitality 

 when our subcommittee visited the Scripps Institution of Oceanog- 

 raphy, I can say for myself that I found tlie information and other 

 experiences there extremely helpful and I know it is going to make 

 my work on this subcommittee more effective. 



I am concerned. Dr. Kevelle, about the adverse report of the Navy 

 on this legislation. Reference is made in their comments as to the 

 overlapping functions and duplication. I think all of us are con- 

 stantly hearing criticism that there is duplication and waste in Gov- 

 ernment, and I am interested in your objective analysis that actually 

 that would not exist ; is that correct ? 



Dr. Eevelle. I have the letter from the Secretary of the Navy be- 

 fore me. 



Mr. Pelly. I am referring to page 5 in the report on the legislation. 



Dr. Eevelle. It says : 



The proposed legislation is therefore opposed for the following reasons : 

 (a) It will result in duplication of responsibilities inasmuch as surveying, 

 nsapping and charting functions covering areas outside the United States and its 

 possessions are assi.uned to the Department of Defense and are accomplished 

 through the cooi-dinated efforts of the Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, the U.S. 

 Navy Hydrographic Office, and the Air Photograpliic and Chartering Service, 

 U.S. Air Force. 



(&) Overlapping functions are never satisfactory as they often lead to dupli- 

 cation of effort, inefficiency of operations, and split responsibilities. 



Mr. Pelly, The point of the Navy that I get is that actually the 

 Coast and Geodetic Survey service is available to the Department of 

 Defense in an emergency and that the best manner of efficiently getting 



