OCEAN SCIENCES AND NATIONAL SECURITY 21 



Soviet Russia is winning the struggle for the oceans. 



Scientists call it the wet war, and say the outcome can determine the fate of 

 nations and the human race. 



Without firing a missile, a rocket or a gun, Soviet Russia has been winning in the 

 Atlantic, the Pacific and the Antarctic. This year she is invading the Indian 

 Ocean. 



Had it not been for the stubborn persistence of wiry little Adm. Hyman Rick- 

 over, father of the atomic submarine, Russia also would be winning in the Arctic, 

 where she has bases 2,200 miles from Seattle and within 3,550 miles of Detroit and 

 Chicago. 



Russia has been winning the wet war with more and bigger ships; more, if not 

 better, scientists; more, and in some instances superior, equipment, and more 

 aggressive government encouragement and action. 



The United States cannot permit Russia to achieve a global conquest that would 

 give her control of 95 percent of the Earth's surface. We must meet Russia's 

 challenge. We can meet it without sacrificing a drop of American blood if we 

 start now, but if we wait for tomorrow it may be too late. 



Soviet Russia has between 450 and 500 submarines and a capacity to build 100 

 more each year; the United States has 109. 



Soviet Russia has 29 icebreakers, the world's biggest and heaviest, and is build- 

 ing more including an atomic icebreaker almost completed. The United States 

 has eight. 



Soviet Russia has the world's largest oceanographic research fleet with four 

 times as many ships capable of deep sea work than we have. Her ships are 

 modern, new; ours old and obsolete. 



The Soviet is conducting intensive offshore explorations for oil beneath its con- 

 tinental shelves, and minerals research in all oceans. Three hundred miles off 

 Lower California Soviet scientists have taken sharp deep-sea photographs of the 

 mysterious manganese-cobalt-nickel-copper nodules which thickly carpet the 

 ocean floor in that and some other oceanic areas. 



Reds Lead World in Oceanic Studies 



Russia has more ships and scientists in the polar regions than all other countries 

 combined. 



Russia has more ships and scientists assigned to deep ocean studies than any 

 other nation. She has 800 professional oceanographers compared to the 520 in 

 the United States. 



Soviet Russia aspires to command the oceans and has mapped a shrewdly con- 

 ceived plan, using science as a weapon, to win her that supremacy. 



Should she be successful she would control commerce, weather, communications, 

 much of the world's food supply, and ultimately Earth's resources, health and 

 climate. The human race, if it survived, would be in permanent bondage to 

 Soviet masters. 



"Soviet effort in oceanography is massive, of a high caliber, and is designed to 

 establish and demonstrate world leadership," states Vice Adm. John T. Hay ward, 

 Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Research and Development. 



The wet war Russia is waging may be more dangerous to free world security 

 than her space war or her polar war. 



******* 

 Parallel sentiments were expressed recently hj Dr. Harrison S. 

 Brown, Chairman of the NAS Committee on Oceanography, before the 

 House Science and Astronautics Committee: 



Our major conclusion was that relative to other areas of scientific endeavor, 

 progress in the marine sciences in the United States has been slovv'. 



I would like to discuss this area by area, if I may. Now, first I would like to 

 discuss the problems of defense in relation to the marine sciences. 



When we look at the evolution of modern weapons systems, it is amply clear 

 that one of the major problems which confronts us is that of creating hardness 

 in our missile bases. 



This is a very real problem on land. Coupled with this, we are faced with the 

 brute fact that no matter how hard we might make a missile base on land, it is 

 difficult to create it in such a way that people in neighboring communities are not 

 going to be killed should there by an enemy attack. 



I_ personally have thought a great deal about these problems, and again and 

 again I am forced to the conclusion that we are being pushed into the oceans as 

 a major answer to this problem. 



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