VIII CONTENTS 



Vr. The Present Posture in Oceanography — an Inventory — Continued 



E. Federal Agencies Having Oceanographic Responsibilities — 

 Continued Page 



6. Xational Science Foundation 95 



7. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 95 



8. U.S. Army — Beach Erosion Board 96 



9. U.S. Air Force 96 



10. Department of Justice 96 



11. Department of State 96 



F. Coordination of Federal Oceanographic Activities 97 



G. U.S. Participation in International Programs 101 



1. Worldwide Scientific Organizations 101 



2. Organizations Associated with the United Nations.. 102 



3. Other International Organizations Interested in 



Oceanography 102 



H. Comparison of Oceanography in the United States and 



U.S.S.R 103 



VII. Summary and Analysis of U.S. Programs in Oceanic Research 110 



A. The Scientific Program 110 



B. Manpower 111 



C. Organizations Conducting Research 112 



D. Facilities and Ships 112 



E. Funding 113 



F. Status of a National Program 114 



VIII. Future Programs 110 



A. Proposals of the National Academy of Sciences — Committee 



on Oceanography (NASCO) 1 IG 



B. Proposals bv the U.S. Navv for the "Next Ten Years in 



Oceanography" (Project TENOC) 127 



C. Proposals of the Interagency Committee on Oceanographv 



(ICO) -. 129 



D. Implementation of These Proposals 133 



IX. Commercial and Industrial Ventures in the Sea 134 



\. Recent Projects 135 



1. Undersea Pipelines 135 



2. Undersea Tunnels 135 



3. Offshore Mining 135 



4. Devices for Operations Under the Sea 136 



5. Project Mohole 136 



6. Salvage 136 



7. Submarine Cables 137 



B. Incentives for Commercial Sponsorship of Research 137 



X. Analysis of Proposed 10- Year Programs in Oceanography 139 



.\. Problems in Program 139 



B. Problems in Manpower. 144 



C. Problems in Providing Ships and Facilities 146 



D. Problems in Funding 147 



E. Coordination of Federal Programs 149 



XI. Oceanography as an Element in a Federal Program of Science and 



Technology 156 



A. National Policies in Science 156 



B. Federal Oceanographv — coordination or centralization 156 



C. Federal Sponsorship of Antarctic Research 158 



XII. Legislation Pending Before the 86th Congress 160 



XIII. Issues Before the Congress 170 



A. Immediate Issues 170 



B. Emerging Issues 171 



XIV. Comnaittee Conclusions and Recommendations 172 



Index 177 



