CONTENTS 



OCEAX SCIENCES AND NATIONAL SECURITY 



Page 



I. Summary 1 



II. Background and Scope of This Study 4 



III. The Relationship of the Sea to National Security __ 8 



A. Historical Perspective 8 



ii. The Recent Sense of Urgency for Oceanic Research 17 



1 . Implications for Defense 17 



2. Implications Concerning Scientific and Economic 



Development 22 



C. Role of the Federal Government 25 



I V. New Perspectives on Research in the Sea 30 



A . Depth^the Unexplored Dimension 30 



B. The Emerging Ocean Technologies 35 



C. Opportunities for International Leadership 37 



V. Potential Programs of Research 42 



A. ^lilitary Oceanography 42 



B. Basic Research 43 



C. Ocean Surveys 44 



D. Study of New Resources 45 



i. Biological 45 



2. ^lineral Deposits 49 



3. Energy 50 



E. Meteorology and Climatology 51 



F. Transportation and Commerce 52 



G. Radioactive Waste Disposal 54 



II. The Aesthetic Qualities of the Sea 55 



\l. The Present Posture in Oceanography — an Inventory 56 



A. Organizations Conducting Research 58 



B. Manpower 70 



C. Facilities 74 



1. Ships 74 



2. Deep Ocean Probes — Bathyscaph Trieste. Aluminaut. 



and Other Vehicles for Exploration of the Deep 



Sea 79 



3. Shore-Based Facilities 85 



\y. Funding 85 



E. Federal Agencies Having Oceanographic Responsibilities. - 88 



1. U.S. Navy 88 



a. Hydrographic Office 88 



b. Bureau of Ships 89 



c. Office of Naval Research 91 



d. Bureau of Naval Weapons 91 



e. Bureau of Yards and Docks 92 



2. U.S. Coast Guard 92 



3. Department of the Interior 93 



a. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries — U.S. 



Fish and Wildlife Service 93 



h. U.S. Geological Survey 93 



c. Bureau of Mines 93 



4. Department of Commerce 93 



a. Coast and Geodetic Sm-vey 93 



b. Weather Bureau 94 



c. Maritime Administration 94 



(/. National Bureau of Standards 95 



5. Atomic .Energy Commission 95 



VH 



