OCEAN SCIENCES AND NATIONAL SECURITY 57 



efforts to separate "pure" from "applied" research and further related 

 categories of "development,' and "test and evaluation." Among those 

 actively participating in the field of ocean sciences, there has been 

 general agreement that the sector which they rejer to as being under- 

 nourished is that of research, both basic and applied, not development. 

 It is this sector that has been inventoried. 



The "development" sector of activity, although not inventoried, 

 has been discussed in this report and is separated into two major 

 categories: military oceanography, and commercial engineering proj- 

 ects in the sea. The definition of military oceanography has been 

 treated earlier, and little need be added, except to note that certain 

 of the statistics presented necessarily include some unfilterable aspects 

 of military oceanography; in every case, these are identified. 



Other than fishing, industrial activities in the sea which deserve 

 mention to preserve complete perspective, fall into two subcategories. 

 In the fu"st instance, there is a considerable volume of offshore oU 

 exploration which involves the same type of hydrographic surveying, 

 geological mapping, research on seismic instruments, etc., as is accom- 

 plished in the general research activities to increase knowledge of the 

 sea floor generally. However, because these data are almost always 

 considered proprietary, and are thus not contributed to the general 

 clearinghouse of public information about the Earth, these activities 

 have not been inventoried in this report as part of the national 

 research effort in oceanography. 



The second type of industrial activity regards engineering construc- 

 tion projects in the sea. In some respects, these are the commercial 

 analogues to what has been termed "military oceanography," and 

 are excluded from the inventory for the same reason — they are so 

 highly developmental in character and involve only scant generation 

 of new knowledge. Because these projects comprise an emerging 

 technology that feeds on the basic and applied research of the sea 

 with which this report is primarily concerned, some details of the more 

 exciting and imaginative projects now underway have nevertheless 

 been included in Section IX. 



Finally, one other footnote important to this tabulation of the 

 national capabilities for research in the sea, should be amplified — the 

 contributions of naval laboratories conducting "inhouse" programs 

 over the full spectrum of the marine sciences. Certain of these have 

 had continuing activities in oceanography that include projects suffi- 

 ciently basic, and of an unclassified nature, to have been included by 

 NASCO in their 1958 sm-vey. A number of other laboratories, how- 

 ever, have so recently dbected their attention to this field of research, 

 or maintain programs so strongly flavored by defense application that 

 they have not been surveyed b}-^ NASCO. Wherever possible, these 

 naval laboratories and some details on their type of activity have been 

 listed, but quantitative data on the level of their capabilities have 

 not been available. 



In noting that this inventory is expressed in strictly quantitative 

 terms, the qualitative, more intangible, characteristics of a national 

 program are not adequately reflected. Statistics fail to record scien- 

 tific accomplishments, the degree of sldll of the research staft', and of 

 effectiveness of the research management; the distractions of effort to 

 solicit funds or preserve continuity of programs; the data cannot indi- 

 cate the sophistication of program, or lack thereof; the adequacy or 



