OCEAN SCIENCES AND NATIONAL SECURITY 59 



At first glance, this latter event is rather remarkable in light of the 

 sharp expansion in scientific research and development that occmTed 

 during these 2 \^ears, both in terms of Federal expenditures and in 

 terms of the number of new organizations entering the research and 

 development field. For example, Federal obligations for basic re- 

 search increased from $1,034 million for fiscal 1958 to $1,603 million 

 in fiscal 1960 — an expansion of roughl}^ 60 percent. During this same 

 time, an even greater increase was occmTing in the development areas, 

 and growth in "research and development" across the board grew 

 from $5,878 million in 1958 to $8,148 million in 1960. 



Subsecjuent analysis maj reveal, however, that the average size of 

 these 70 marine laboratories is so very small relative to research 

 facilities in other fields that the number and continued proliferation 

 of separate organizations is not necessarily an index of the size or 

 eftectiveness of a research program. In the field of oceanograph}^, the 

 large number of small units appe8.i's to reflect the many different 

 educational institutions having a limited curriculum in the marine 

 sciences, or of small fisheries laboratories having cognizance over 

 strictly local problems. 



Details of the 70 largest organizations undertaking oceanic research 

 in the United States are given in Tables 3 and 4. They are listed in 

 a sequence according to size of annual expenditures (for fiscal 1958). 

 In Table 3, laboratories are identified according to type of organiza- 

 tion, using two different criteria. In the fu-st instance, they are listed 

 as to type of performance component according to whether they are: 



Educational Institution Laboratory. 



Educational Institution Research Center. 



Non-Profit Laboratory. 



Non-Profit Research Center. 



Government-owned, Government-operated Laboratory. 



Industrial Laboratory. 

 For purposes of this report, the Educational Institution Laboratory 

 is taken as a research unit embedded in a university wherein the labo- 

 ratory and staff are utiHzed both for purposes of instruction and for 

 research. The Educational Institution Research Center, on the other 

 hand, represents an element within a university complex whose oper- 

 ations are devoted predominately, although not necessarily exclu- 

 sively, to research rather than to instruction or a combination thereof. 

 Non-Profit Laboratories include those organizations such as private 

 foundations, philanthropic groups, and other institutions which do 

 not distribute earnings to private stockholders and which undertake 

 oceanic research as one part of a broader program encompassing 

 numerous fields. As distinguished from Non-Profit Laboratories, 

 Non-Profit Research Centers devote then' efforts primarily, if not ex- 

 clusively, to a limited spectrum of research and, in this case, pre- 

 dominately oceanography. Government-owned and operated Labora- 

 tories, following the usual definition, represent research units staffed 

 by Government employees, funded and administered directly by a 

 Government agency. In some cases, these organizations may be 

 housed on a rental basis within the facilities of a non-Government 

 entity. Industrial Laboratories represent the research units of profit 

 organizations which legally distribute their earnings to individuals or 

 to other firms. 



