70 



OCEAN SCIENCES AND NATIONAL SECURITY 



cated to vessel operation, supplies, and equipment. In this case^ the 

 vessels themselves are of such age or are made available under such 

 terms that no amortization costs are included. When accounting 

 for funds, however, particularly in terms of new ships; this element 

 of capital expenditures and operatmg cost, regardless of how ultimately- 

 defrayed, represents a large proportion of the total for research. 

 In this regard, oceanic research resembles research in outer space. 



Additional details are given in Table 6 on sizes of these various 

 research laboratories, in terms of budgets and staff. 



' Does not include ship operating costs. 

 Source: NASCO Report, Ch. 12, Table 3. 



B, MANPOWER 



Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the field of oceanographic 

 research considering its significance to the military, political and 

 economic well-being of the Nation is the relatively small number 

 of individuals who are occupationally identified with marine sciences. 

 Totals are given in Table 6. According to the NASCO reports, in 

 1958 there were only 1,548 scientists plus 1,116 supporting staff so 

 engaged. Only about 560 of the scientists are regarded as having 

 independent responsibilities at project leader level. This tabulation 

 does not include either scientists or supporting staff who are under- 

 taking hydrographic surveying for the U.S. Coast and Geodetic 

 Survey; scientists and supporting staff engaged in military oceanog- 

 raphy, either in naval or nonnaval laboratories; or those engaged in 

 operating ships which are currently engaged predominantly in military 

 activities. The supporting staffs, however, do include technicians, 

 clerical and administrative personnel and ship operating force. 



An additional breakdown, according to level of education — Ph. D.'s, 

 Masters, or Bachelor degi'ees^ — is also given in Table 6. Because the 

 capabilities of an organization to undertake research are often ex- 

 pressed in the proportion of Ph.D. to non-Ph. D. scientists, these 

 ratios have been included. The ratio across the board of 1,548 par- 

 ticipants is 1 to 3.6; for senior investigators, it is estimated as closer 

 to 1 to 1.7. 



Since any interpretation depends heavily on comparisons with 

 other fields, similar inventories outside of oceanography have been 

 sought, although such data are hard to come by. Fragmentary data 



