72 



OCEAN SCIENCES AND NATIONAL SECURITY 



in oceanic research and the overhead operations as compared to other 

 fields of science, and such data were not readily available. 



While on the question of manpower, this report notes that virtually 

 all participants in oceanic research claim the shortage of manpower 

 as one of the two most crushing problems — a shortage which is con- 

 sidered to inhibit growth. One proposed solution, discussed at length 

 subsequently, lies in an increase in students and in educational training 

 facilities. Some comment on the present status of educational facil- 

 ities is thus pertinent. In a recent appearance before the House 

 Science and Astronautics Committee, Secretary James Wakelin con- 

 tributed a list of institutions now engaged in training in the marine 

 sciences: 



Columbia University. 



Johns Hopkins University. 



Oregon State College. 



Texas A. & M. College. 



University of Miami. 



University of Rhode Island. 



University of Southern California. 



University of Michigan. 



Scripps Institution of Oceanography. 



Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.'*^ 



To this list might be added the University of Washington, Harvard, 

 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Yale, New York University, 

 Florida State, and University of Hawaii. 



Additional data on the trend for the past 3 years indicates an en- 

 couraging growth both of faculty and of graduate students: 



The most critical elements in expanding our effort in this field is the shortage 

 of scientific personnel to man the ships and carry out a creative program. Re- 

 cently, we have compiled data from 10 major universities and institutions con- 

 cerned with training of oceanographers as well as the conduct of research. This 

 information is most encouraging and we must do everything possible to continue 

 the trend. The number of professional oceanographers at the Ph. D., M.S., or 

 equivalent level and the number of their graduate students for the past 3 years 

 is summarized in the following table. These data show that there has been an 

 increase of 28 percent in the professional level and of 80 percent in graduate 

 students over the last 3 years: ^» 



At this same hearing, questions were raised concerning the training 

 of midshipmen and merchant seamen in the area of oceanography and 

 in reply, the following information was provided : 



Mr. Va.v Pelt. Mr. Secretary, do any of our national academies — have * * * 

 a program covering the subject which you were discussing this morning? I am 

 thinking of Annapolis or the Merchant Marine Academy. * * * 



Dr. Wakelix. * * * l don't believe so, for this reason: That oceanography is 

 a composite of a number of basic disciplines, such as i)h\sics and chemistry and 

 biology and geology. The training that has gone on in the Government-supported 

 institutions at the undergraduate level is predominantly in the basic sciences as 

 primary disciplines. 



There are training programs at the University of California, at Scripps, which 

 take not only high school and college students on a summer basis, but i.lso go on 



«" Frontiers In Oceanic Research," op. clt., d. 49. 

 « Ibid., p. 45. 



