OCEAN SCIENCES AND NATIONAL SECURITY 73 



to give the master's degree in oceanography. They all combine a whole group of 

 studies in the basic sciences under the one subject cover of oceanographj'. 



I am not aware of an oceanography — any oceanographic part of the curriculum 

 at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, for example, which I think would be the 

 first place in the Navy where we would address ourselves to oceanography because 

 then the undergraduates of the Academy would have had the proper training in 

 the basic sciences, so they could broaden themselves into oceanography. * * * 

 The U.S. Naval Academy offers two elective courses for academically qualified 

 midshipmen: 



Oceanography: 14 midshipmen enrolled. 



Underwater acoustics: Eight midshipmen enrolled. 



Postgraduate training is sponsored by the Navy as follows: 



Oceanographj- at University of Washington (2-year course) : one officer per year 

 now, to be increased to five oQicers per year in September 1960. 



Hydrography (geodesy) at the Ohio State University (2-year course) : three 

 officers per year. 



Meteorology at U.S. Naval Postgraduate School offers basic course in ocean- 

 ography related to meteorology: 35 officers per year.^" 



In other testimony by Vice Adm. A. C. Richmond, Commandant, 

 U.S. Coast Guard, it was noted that no com-ses, either requu'ed or 

 elective, are offered at the Coast Guard Academy at New London. 

 However, it is Coast Guard practice to assign gi'aduate students, every 

 2 or 3 years, for study in this field, and over the past 20 years a total 

 of 16 were so trained at various institutions.^^ 



At the Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, N.Y., there is 

 apparently also no required or elective course in oceanography. The 

 only aspect which these graduates encounter deals with hj'drodynamics 

 of ships in a seaway.^^ Some com'ses in ocean meteorology are offered 

 as electives at the U.S. Navy Post Graduate School in Monterey, Calif. 



From this background, it is apparent that a number of educational 

 institutions in the United States have a rather broad program in the 

 marine sciences in contrast to virtually no offerings m the Naval Acad- 

 emy, Coast Guard Academy and Merchant Marine Academy — the 

 three educational institutions operated by the Federal Government 

 specifically devoted to matters concerned with the sea. Implications 

 with regard to broadening the programs in these Government schools 

 are discussed subsequently. 



Further details on the fields of specialization represented by those 

 now conducting oceanographic research would provide one additional, 

 significant dimension of the manpower problem. These data, how- 

 ever, do not appear available. From reference to the composition of 

 the staff at Woods Hole, it is noted that a number of disciplines are 

 included; graduates in oceanograph}^ represent roughly 12 percent of 

 the total domg research. This situation is apparently not derived 

 simply from want of such specialists; so much of what collectively 

 is termed marine science derives its fundamentals from physics, 

 chemistr}^, biolog}", and geology, that except for descriptive aspects of 

 oceanography, graduates and those with experience in other fields 

 have and will continue to make substantial contributions. This 

 multidisciplinary character of oceanic research has numerous implica- 

 tions regarding sources of manpower discussed subsequently. 



" "Frontiers in Oceanic Research," op. clt., pp. 61-62. 

 *' "Oceanosraphy in the U.S.," op. cit., pp. 68-69. 

 M Ibid, p. 78. 



