OCEAN SCIENCES AND NATIONAL SECURITY 103 



If.. International Commission jor Study and Protection of Fisheries 



(a) International Whaling Commission (IWC) — established under 

 the International Whahng Convention of 1948, this agency is devoted 

 to conservation of the world whale sources; it encourages studies and 

 research on whales, collects statistical information on whale popu- 

 lations, etc. 



(6) International Commission for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries 

 (ICNAF) — established as a result of an international convention of 

 1949 to protect and conserve fisheries in the cognizant region through 

 investigations, regulation and proposed programs of research. 



(c) Eastern Pacific Oceanic Conference (EPOC) — is an informal 

 group of scientists concerned mainly with regional interests. 



{d) Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (lATTC) — estab- 

 lished by treaty with Costa Hica in 1950, this commission has a broad 

 program of research on tuna of the East Pacific, including abundance, 

 ecology, etc. lATTC also develops bases for any future regulation 

 of the industry. 



(e) International North Pacific Fisheries Commission (INPFC) — 

 established by treaty in 1952 to coordinate programs of research con- 

 cerned with regional interests in tuna. 



(f) International Pacific Halibut Commission {IPHC) — established 

 by convention to study and, if necessary, regulate fishing for halibut. 



{g) International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission. 



(h) North Pacific Fur Seal Commission. 



The length of this list of international organizations having interests 

 in the sea reveals the broad geographical as well as subject matter 

 content of such programs. It is also strongly indicative of the interest 

 and cooperation as well as initiative of the IJnited States in fostering 

 cooperative and inter-government organizations whenever the prob- 

 lems suggest this form of solution. 



The large number of different organizations also represents the re- 

 cent phenomenon of proliferating international agencies which have 

 grown spontaneously to fill the gaps produced during World War II 

 in international communication. Questions of the benefit to be gained 

 by consolidating certain of these activities are beyond the scope of this 

 present report. However, as a matter of conserving and best utilizing 

 the efforts of American oceanographers who participate in these 

 organizations, the Department of State, in concert with the scientific 

 community and cognizant government agencies, will be confronted 

 with decisions on how these various groups best fit any emerging- 

 plans for increased activities in oceanic research, particularly insofar 

 as future international cooperation and coordination are concerned. 



H. COMPARISON OF OCEANOGRAPHY IN THE UNITED STATES AND U.S.S.R. 



A comprehensive study of the respective oceanographic programs 

 of these two nations is an essential step in planning any long range 

 strategy for a national program of oceanographic research — ^not simply 

 to extend what appears to be a "fad," but because the matter of 

 competition with the Soviets in and for the sea is one of the significant 

 elements that threatens national secm-ity. Consequently, to provide 

 perspective w^hen analyzing sufficiency of the present U.S. program, 

 facts concerning contemporary Soviet efforts are reviewed briefl}^, par- 

 ticularly to bring into focus any evidence of trends. 



