144 OCEAN SCIENCES AND NATIONAL SECURITY 



industrial concerns having interest in this area. Very little has been 

 said in any of the proposals on means for stimulating financial 

 support from industry in partnership with the Federal Govern- 

 ment that was singled out as the primary source for future 

 funding. Industry, in seeing its responsibilities to foster growth in 

 a field such as oceanograiihy, might wish to study this problem and 

 develop their OAvn proposals. 



A great deal has been said about international cooperation. In the 

 field of oceanography, it is evident that no dearth exists in terms of 

 organizational framework for such activities. The question not fully 

 explored in these proposals is the extent to which foreign scientists 

 and laboratories may be fostered to increase the rate at which knowl- 

 edge is developed of the oceans, thus supplementing what may be 

 limitations in rate of growth within the United States. It is rather 

 common belief that a dollar for research goes further in Em'ope, and 

 studies might be made concerning the possible benefit of increased 

 American sponsorship of research overseas. This would overcome 

 natural objections by these nations to losses of their scientists to 

 permanent employment in the United States. Another possibility lies 

 in the stimulation hy the United States of other countries in the free 

 world to accelerate tJieir oiun internal programs in oceanography . 



The NATO organization has set up a European laboratory in La 

 Spezia, Italy for the pm'pose of fostering oceanographic activities, 

 and the success of this entei'prise shoidd be watched. In any event, 

 considering the growth of the Sino-Soviet program in oceanograph}', 

 there is likel}^ to be need to enlist the scientific effort of the free workl 

 in ways not heretofore contemplated. This concept underlies much 

 of the intent of international cooperation in outer space as set forth 

 in the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958. However, only 

 the more technologically sophisticated nations are likely to be able to 

 participate with the United States in outer space. In oceanography, 

 by contrast, man}^ of the smaller nations could be interested in expand- 

 ing or developing their own program on a cooperative basis. 



B. PROBLEMS IN MANPOWER 



Several comments in the NASCO reports and elsewhere refer to 

 severe problems in recruiting, and note that the most unyielding limit 

 on the rate of expansion would be availability of trained manpower. 



To some extent, this appears based on extrapolations only of those 

 receiving their education in the traditional lines of oceanographic 

 research. Yet, as has been remarked previously, the marine sciences 

 are a mosaic derived from the more basic disciplines of physics, 

 chemistry, biology, from engineering, and more recently from the inter- 

 disciplinary fields of radiochemistry, biophysics, etc. Broad training 

 in these fields does not equip these men with the very specialized 

 knowledge that, for example, reflects a familiarity with biological life 

 in the sea. But the methods of conducting geophysical research on 

 the ocean floor seem likely to call upon the fundamentals that are 

 developed even by nonoceanographers. 



The same type of question arose when the United States desired to 

 accelerate its atomic energy program and many engineers and even 

 physical scientists shied away from a transfer to that field, simply out 

 of concern that they lacked the necessary specialized knowledge requi- 



